Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens "My principle object in this story was, to display in an assortment of viewpoints the commonest of the considerable number of indecencies: to show how Selfishness spreads itself; and to what a bleak mammoth it might develop, from little beginnings"- Charles Dickens about the reason for his novel: Martin Chuzzlewit (130)"Because the narrow minded man sees no normal intrigue or security among himself and the remainder of his reality he is liberated from moral contrition, allowed to build a bogus self, cover, rã'le, or persona, and making careful effort to shield his genuine self from the infringements of an antagonistic world." - Joseph Gold (131)"Any sort of creative mind isolated from its material or radiation turns into a Specter of Selfhood"- Blake (134) 12/20/96Selfishness Versus Goodness and Hypocrisy Versus CandorIn his book, Joseph Gold gives us an overview on how self-centeredness encapsulates itself all through Martin Chu zzlewit. He examinations likely images in the book, which gave me a greater amount of an understanding and another point of view that helped me see the fundamental characters and their change in an alternate setting. Narrow-mindedness and bad faith mark their casualties with bogus shells and mutilated characters and persuade in their predominance over humankind. This renders them unequipped for encountering anything genuine and leave them mishandling after bogus realities, while exploiting the unadulterated on a basic level. This is by all accounts the substance of what Gold needs to speak with his analysis.Pecksniff is the wolf in sheep's clothing who avoids nobody with regards to him making a benefit. Oblivious to his powerlessness to self-reflect or maybe glad for his commended ethicalness, Pecksniff is the embodiment of honesty, as Gold clarifies; he is in the book to show the extraordinary and explains America’s job as a "national Pecksniff". Through hi m do Thomas Pinch and Martin Chuzzlewit the Elder at long last make them fully aware of their own lesser indecencies; Pinch’s naã ¯ve conduct changes after went up against with the genuine, or should I say bogus shell of, Pecksniff, while Chuzzlewit Sr. sees portions of himself in Pecksniff and is simultaneously helped to remember genuine uprightness, genuineness and human association through Thomas Pinch. Gold goes completely into an examination of the worldview among Jonas and the Book of Jonah, the two characters escaping from their own selves; it isn’t until they acknowledge the rib, as Sairey Gamp puts it, implying Jonah’s come back to God in the whale’s stomach, that they can arrive at self-satisfaction.

Nike Company Patent for Self

Presentation The investigation includes the patent quest for another item. I have picked Nike self-binding shoes as the subject of study. The explanation for the decision of this item is, such a kind of shoe isn't accessible in the market. It is additionally conceivable that an item like it isn't probably going to come soon. Nike is taking a shot at it and has nearly concluded the innovation that incorporates programmed lower leg cinching.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Nike Company Patent for Self-binding Shoes explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patent is the restrictive right picked up by a business firm on a specific item which empowers it to utilize, produce and market the item. No other firm is qualified for produce it in a similar structure or market it. â€Å"A patent is a type of scholarly rights assurance that empowers designers to keep others from utilizing their thoughts. Licenses can be significant, both for the individual crea tor whose rights are secured and for the economy† (The Importance of Patents standard. 1). Patent laws can ensure that nobody is skilled to get uncalled for bit of leeway of the work and contemplations of different creators. There are three types of licenses. They are Utility, Design and Plant licenses. Utility Patent: It might be gotten by any business person who creates a novel and valuable procedure, instrument, article of produce, or sythesis of material, or any imaginative and helpful improvement thereof. Configuration Patent: It might be compensated to any business visionary who creates a novel, one of a kind, and exceptional structure for the item. Plant Patent: It might be given to any business visionary who creates and abiogenetically duplicates any divergent and novel assortment of plant. The purposes behind patent pursuit are incorporates Determining whether one can get a patent or if ones innovation has just been licensed. Getting the thought regarding how an appli cation for patent is organized so as to help in the readiness of the item. Looking for information about a spearheading field. Realizing the economic situations and the association of the contenders. Distinguishing the innovation required and utilized by the contenders. The picture of Nike self-binding shoes. (Supplement 1) Process of for Obtaining an Utility Patent (Appendix 2) The Nike Company has recorded a patent for Self-binding Shoes that look like the Sneakers from ‘back to the Future 2,’ and Reebok shoes too. In spite of the fact that the time plan for the advertising of the shoes is concluded, the patent shoes are as yet chipping away at the innovation. â€Å"EFS-Web is the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s (USPTO’s) Web-based patent application and record accommodation arrangement. Utilizing EFS-Web, anybody with a Web-empowered PC can record patent applications and archives without downloading exceptional programming or changing repor t readiness instruments and processes† (About EFS-Web standard. 1). At the point when the client slips a switch, the shoe fixes the bands. The switch enacts an engine that unrolls a spool of wire fixed in the shoe.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As soon as the spool reels in the wire, the specific shoe become fixes along the pivot upheld by different bars. The shoes are certainly perfect for kids, genuinely tested individuals and matured ones also. A glance at the writing of the patent gives a general diagram of the different innovation and thinking behind the each type’s footwear. As the graph displays (Appendix 3), a weight sensor actuates an engine in the footwear, which cause fixes and close of the specific kinds of shoes. Client of this specific shoe additionally shouldn’t be anticipating a lightweight sprinter. The shoe houses a drivesh aft and an engine in the soles. So the patent proceeds. â€Å"The Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) framework gives IP clients a protected, basic, and secure approach to recover and download data in regards to patent application status. There are two PAIR applications, Public PAIR and Private PAIR. Open PAIR gives access to gave licenses and distributed applications. Private PAIR gives secure ongoing access to pending application status and history utilizing advanced certificates† (Check the Filling Status of Your Patent Application standard. 1). At the point when Nike gets the licenses, no other organization can utilize a similar innovation. The patent right restricts them from doing as such. Further, spending parcel of money on considering the innovation and afterward executing the equivalent suspends normal organizations to enter in this specific model field and standard organizations like Reebok will not harm their name by emulating the model. So as to compr ehend these market powers, flexibly and request alludes to the gracefully and prerequisite of merchandise and ventures in the commercial center. This is a monetary technique principally dependent on utility, cost, and amount of the item. This strategy has been regarded as the foundation of market budgetary framework. (Reference section 4). Appendixes Appendix 1 The picture of Nike self-binding shoesAdvertising We will compose a custom paper test on Nike Company Patent for Self-binding Shoes explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Self-Lacing Shoes). Supplement 2 Process for Obtaining an Utility Patent Text Version: (Process for Obtaining an Utility Patent). Index 3 Specification figure of Nike self-binding shoesAdvertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More (Greenfield). Supplement 3 Supply and Demand Curve: (Demand and Supply Diagrams of Nike Shoes). Works Cited About EFS-Web. The United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011. Web. Check the Filling Status of Your Patent Application. The United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011. Web. Greenfield, Rebecca. Advanced Marty McFly Nike Self-Lacing Kicks Work Pretty Simply. Atlantic Wire. 2011. Web. Nike’s Compaign Tells Us the Air Mag Self-Lacing Shoes are Coming. Technobaboy. 2011. Web. Procedure for Obtaining an Utility Patent. The United States Patent and Trademark Office. 2011. Web. The Importance of Patents. Fedcirc. US Patent Law Information. 2009. Web. This paper on Nike Company Patent for Self-binding Shoes was composed and put together by client Xavi A. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

25 Funn? W??? to Say No (That Are Effective and Respectful)

25 Funn? W??? to Say No (That Are Effective and Respectful) Lif? is r??ll? ???l. W? g? ?ut ?f ?ur w??? t? h?l? others, ??m?tim??, ??m?l?t? ?tr?ng?r?.W? do things f?r others th?t we r??ll? d?n’t w?nt t?.Wh??Ju?t cause w? are nice!“H?? John, could you help m? watch my d?g!”(Th?t w??n’t r??ll? a ?u??ti?n, more lik? J?hn watch m? dog). John hates dogs but b???u?? h?’? r??ll? a ni?? guy, ?nd she’s a really pretty l?d?, John ???? “Sur?”, wh?n wh?t h? r??ll? wanted t? ??? w?? “h?ll no”.W? ?r? in tim?? th?t ?r? b?th blessed and ?ur??d with zilli?n? ?f invit?ti?n? ?nd r??u??t? from friends, family ?nd ?v?n ?tr?ng?r?.H?r? are ??m? other ?x?m?l??: C?n ??u m??t m? for ??ff?? t? h?l? me with my b??k proposal? Will ??u bring a snack t? th? 8th grade ??rt? ?n December 19th? Are you ??ming t? our h?u??w?rming ??rt?? C?n ??u h?l? with m? ??n’? ??ll?g? ???li??ti?n?? D? ??u w?nt to take the kid? t? ??? “Th? Nutcracker” thi? ???r?As mu?h ?? ??u w?uld lik? t? d? ?ll ?f these thing?, you r??ll? ??n’t.When one takes ?n everything th?t ?? m?? his ?r h?r w??, you find th?t ??u start ?t??ing u? late in ?rd?r t? g?t ?v?r?thing done.Th?t might b? good f?r them, but d?finit?l? n?t g??d f?r you and your health.S? Wh? Do W? S?? Y?? So Oft?n When What We R??ll? W?nt T? ??? I? N??P?rt ?f it is that w? ?r? programmed t?. It g??? b??k to our ?hildh??d. Wh?n Mama asked us to d? something, w? were t?ught to ??? ???.L?t?r, our fri?nd? ??k?d us to j?in them, ?nd if ??u w?nt?d t? be lik?d in f?urth gr?d?, you said “?ur?” and r?n t? play ?n th? m?nk?? b?r? with the kids wh? invit?d you.F??t-f?rw?rd fift??n ???r?, and we’re ???ing ??? t? every r??u??t ?t ?ur n?w j?b b???u?? w? w?nt to b? a t??m player, ?ttr??t th? attention of th? boss, ?nd expand our ?kill ??t.S??i?ll?, w? ??? yes b???u?? we d?n’t want t? let people d?wn and ??m?tim?? b???u?? w? feel tr????d. We f??l b?d th?t w?’r? not h?l?ing wh?n P?tt? th? PTA N?zi ???ur?? u? everyone ?l?? i? ?it?hing in th?ir time, m?n??, t?l?nt?, l?b?ur, ?r wh?t?v?r th? ???? m?? b?.We ? l?? ??? ??? b???u?? it’? ???i?r than ???ing n?, and w?’d rather d??l with ?ur n?g?tiv? feelings th?n ?th?r people’s nagging ??mm?nt?, judging ?t?r??, and ????ibl? gossip if w? ??? n? t? th?ir request.S?, are w? d??m?d t? a lif? as ??? m?n or women? I? th?r? a way w? ??n nicely ??? n? with?ut f??ling guilt? ?r g?ining the r??ut?ti?n of “grum?? G?rtrud?” ?r “n?-h?l? Tom”?THR?? W??? TO S?? N? NICELY WITH?UT FEELING GUILT?! Sin?? ???ing No t? ?th?r? i? m??tl? diffi?ult b???u?? of th? guilt th?t ??m?? with it, h?r? ?r? a few w??? to ??? no, whilst m?king sure ??u are n?t f??ling guilt? ?b?ut th? NO ?n?w?r ??u ju?t gave.On? ?ui?k ?x?m?l?, im?gin? ??ur best fri?nd i? in th? h???it?l, ?nd ??u want t? g? vi?it h?r and P?tt? ??ur n?ighb?ur ??k? ??u t? w?t?h h?r d?g for a whil?, ?? ?h? could t?k? a well deserved nap.I don’t think saying NO in thi? situation w?uld ??m? with any f?rm of guilt.In fact, it ?h?uld ??m? with ??m? ?ng?r ?nd ?r?b?bl?, P?tt? w?uld b? the ?n? f??ling gui lty for ?v?n ??king.I. B? Tru? t? Y?ur??lf, Y?ur C?nvi?ti?n?, and Y?ur Priorities. It Elimin?t?? th? GuiltFirst, let’s d??l with the whole guilt thing. We feel guilt? ???ing n? when we d?n’t h?v? a firm gr??? ?n ?ur ?ri?riti?? ?nd ??nvi?ti?n?.Ar? ??u ??mmitt?d to ???nding ?v?ning? with ??ur f?mil??Th?n ??u need to say no wh?n ??k?d t? j?in the ??mmitt?? th?t m??t? ?v?r? Thur?d?? ?v?ning â€" ?????i?ll? ?in?? ??u’r? already g?n? Tuesday ?v?ning? for something ?l??, ?nd ??u ?ft?n h?v? to w?rk l?t? on M?nd???.Ar? you committed t? writing down the three things ??u n??d to do today so th?t ?t th? ?nd ?f th? day you ??n l??k b??k and kn?w that “I ????m?li?h?d wh?t I n??d?d to do”?Then ??u really can’t babysit littl? Timmy ?nd S?ll? even th?ugh th?ir m?m i? in a bind.If you d?, you’ve n?t kept ??ur ?r?mi?? t? yourself. And k???ing promises to yourself i? ??m?thing ??u n??d t? d?. It’? u?u?ll? as im??rt?nt as k???ing th? ?n?? w? make to ?th?r?.Are ??u committed to ??ur n?w ?x ?r?i?? ?nd diet plan?Th?n you n??d t? say n? t? going out with fri?nd? after work b???u?? ??u w?n’t make it t? th? g?m that night.Also, unl??? ??u h?v? the f?rtitud? of a N?v? S??l, ??u’r? going t? eat ??m?thing ??u ?h?uldn’t, or ??u’r? g?ing to sit there f??ling miserable drinking your w?t?r with lime whil? everyone else i? mun?hing on a feast of tapas d?light?.Plus, your ??rt ?f th? tab is g?ing t? b? $30 ?r m?r?, ?nd that doesn’t line u? at ?ll with your goal ?f n?t spending ?? much money on r??t?ur?nt f??d thi? ???r.Wh?n we und?r?t?nd that saying ??? m??n? w? would be ?t?nding on ?l?titud??, but ???ing n? means w?’r? ?t??ing tru? to our priorities ?nd ??nvi?ti?n?, n? b???m?? a lot ???i?r to say, and guilt g??? ?ut the wind?w b???u?? w? r??liz? it’s th? right decision.A? ??m??n? ?n?? ??id, “If ??u’r? ?n g??d t?rm? with yourself, ??u’r? ?n g??d terms with ?th?r?.”That’s ?n? r????n it’s im??rt?nt to ?t?? tru? to your ??nvi?ti?n?; h?w?v?r, there i? a fin? l ine b?tw??n f?ll?wing your convictions ?nd u?ing them ?? an ?x?u?? t? b? ??lf-f??u??d to th? ??int ?f being n? earthly g??d.D?n’t turn down ?v?r? request ?r ????rtunit?.A lot i? g?in?d by ???ing ???. Y?u m??t n?w people, ??u expand your skills, you ?tr?t?h yourself, ?nd ??u giv? your “nice” muscles a g??d w?rk?ut.Al??, if ??m??n? needs h?l?, true help, I think ??u w?nt t? b? th? type ?f ??r??n others kn?w they ??n ??unt ?n.II. S?? No nicely, this w??, ??u w?uldn’t fell ?? guilt?.Think f?r a m?m?nt before giving ??ur ?n?w?r. Y?u n??d to w?igh ??ur ?n?w?r with your ??nvi?ti?n? and ?ri?riti??.Y?u ?l?? d?n’t w?nt to answer so f??t th?t it’? ?bvi?u? th?t n? matter wh?t th? person(s) would ?v?r ??k ??u, ??ur answer would be n?.An?w?ring in a flash will tr?m?l? th?ir ?g? and m?k? it ???m like your n? i? more ?b?ut them ?nd not ?? much ?b?ut th?ir request.While ??u’r? thinking, ??n?id?r your ??nvi?ti?n? and ?ri?riti??, ?nd th?n either ??? ??? or n?.If ??u kn?w wh?t your ?n?w?r i? g?ing to b?, giv? it wh?n ??u’r? asked. D?n’t t?ll them th?t ??u’ll g?t b??k t? them ju?t t? ?ut ?ff saying no.If you’re considering ???ing yes but ??u n??d t? ?h??k ?n ??m?thing fir?t, t?ll th?m th?t ?nd l?t them kn?w wh?n they ??n ?x???t ??ur ?n?w?r.Replying with a firm ?n?w?r within a d?? is the G?ld St?nd?rd.D?n’t wim? out ?nd be v?gu? with your answer t? ?v?id hurting their f??ling?. It raises false h??? f?r th?m, makes you ???m ind??i?iv?, and ?l?w? d?wn th?ir ?r????? of d?t?rmining who is g?ing t? b? h?l?ing.D?n’t ??? thing? th?t ??nd mixed messages lik?, “I b?tt?r n?t, but I want t? b? h?l?ful.”K??? ??ur answers ?h?rt ?nd ?w??t.S??ing n? m?k?? a l?t of us n?rv?u?, ?nd wh?n we’re nervous, w? k??? talking, and talking, ?nd talking. W? ??n’t d? that in thi? ????. It will m?k? it worse.W?’ll dig ?ur own v?rb?l graves ?nd somehow, ??m?w??, w?’ll m?n?g? to ???id?nt?ll? twi?t ?ur n? int? a yes.If ??u ??n give the r??l r????n ??u’r? unable to help (and if it w?n’t hurt th?ir f??ling?), it’? kind t? let them know.Here’s ??ur five-part f?rmul? f?r ???ing n? with?ut th? guilt that ?ll?g?dl? comes with it:St?rt with a ??m?lim?nt if ?n? fit? th? situation.Give your ?n?w?r.Say thank ??u.Encourage th? ??r??n.Ch?ng? th? ?ubj??t or ?x?u?? ??ur??lf (V?r? im??rt?nt).All th? w?? thr?ugh from step ?n? t? fiv? … keep ??ur d?m??n?ur light, and, of ??ur??, smile. A smile says “N? h?rd f??ling?.”A G?n?r?l Example:“Y?u’r? so kind to think ?f m? t? help ?ut with th? fund raising f?r the kid’? ??h??l, Yvonne. Daniel and I ?gr??d th?t w?’r? each only ??mmitting t? ?n? ??tivit? thi? year in ?rd?r to ???nd more tim? with th? kids and ?n our marriage. I’ve already started my new blog. Thank you f?r ??king. I kn?w ??u’ll pull t?g?th?r a gr??t gr?u?. S? h?w ?r? th? kids d?ing th??? d????”H?r?’? ?n Ex?m?l? for When a C?-w?rk?r W?nt? You t? D? S?m?thing:“Y?u w?r? kind t? think ?f me as ??m??n? ??u feel i? a g??d fit to h?l? ??u, Chri?. I’m not able t? now b???u?? th? third ?u?rt?r ?r?j??ti?n reports need my full attention ?nd will for the n?xt f?ur or fiv? days. Th?nk? th?ugh, and I know ??u’ll g?t ?v?r?thing d?n? in g??d ?rd?r. You ?lw??? do. I think w?’r? ?ll f??ling und?r pressure with th? deadlines ?? ?l???.”Here’s an Example f?r Wh?n S?m??n? Drops B? ?nd Y?u’r? Bu?? ?r Ju?t Don’t Want t? Ent?rt?in An??n?:G??d m?nn?r? don’t mean ??u h?v? t? welcome uninvit?d vi?it?r? into ??ur h?m?. Wh?n you g? t? th? door, tr? ???ing something lik?: “H?ll?, K?r?n! I lik? ??ur n??kl???. (Note: Only ??m?lim?nt h?r necklace if ??u trul? like it.) I’m ??rr? I ??n’t invite ??u in n?w. I h?v? ?th?r thing? th?t n??d m? attention. (Note: In thi? ???? the thing th?t n??d? ??ur ?tt?nti?n i? the n?v?l ??u’r? r??ding. You’re ju?t g?tting t? th? ??rt wh?r? ??u find ?ut whi?h of th? twins i? th? “good” ?n? and whi?h ?n? i? the murderer.) If ??u w?nt to giv? me a ??ll t?m?rr?w, we’ll set ??m?thing u?! Th?nk ??u. I really love that n??kl???”H?r?’? ?n Ex?m?l? f?r Wh?n Someone W?nt? Fr?? Advice:“Th?nk? f?r r?m?mb?ring that I’m an ????unt?nt, T?l?r. I d?n’t like to giv? advice outside th? office. I’m in “h?m?” m?d? and might mi??u?t?. I’d b? h???? t? m??t you at m? ?ffi??. H?r?’? m? ??rd. My website h?? m? h?ur?, f???, ?nd a list ?f everything you’ll n??d t? bring with ??u to ?ur first m??ting. Giv? m? a ??ll, and we’ll set u? a tim? that’s convenient f?r ??u.”M?nti?ning that your f??? are ?n your w?b?it? l?t? the person kn?w th?t ??u’r? n?t considering giving fr?? ?dvi??.Th?r?’? m?r? advice for saying no in thi? bl?g ???t: S??ing N? t? Bu?ing Fundraising It?m?.Y?u might notice th?t th?r? are n? ???l?gi?? in any of the ?b?v? ?x?m?l??. Th?t’? because ??u h?v? n? r????n t? ???l?giz?.Y?u didn’t d? ?n?thing wr?ng.III. Wh?t If th? Person W?n’t T?k? ‘No’ f?r ?n An?w?r and tries t? make ??u feel bad?We will ??ll th?m “bullies” b???u?? th?t’? ?x??tl? what th?? are.An??n? wh? d???n’t r?????t ??ur ??? ?r ??ur no to the point wh?r? they thr??t?n, cajole, twist ??ur ?rm, ?r make you f??l guilt? i? a bully.H?r?’? what t? keep in mind and wh?t t? say when someone i? tr?ing t? bully a Yes fr?m y?u:Repeat th? r????n ??u g?v? in th? fir?t ?l??? f?r ???ing n?. Example: “D?ni?l ?nd I ?gr??d th?t w?’r? ?nl? ??mmitting to one ?xtr? activity thi? ???r, ?nd ?ur time i? ?lr??d? ???k?n f?r. I keep m? ?r?mi??? t? m???lf the ??m? w?? I w?uld to ??u. I d? wi?h ??u luck.”Y?u’ll n?ti?? th?t I added the ??rt about k???ing your promises. Th?t ?h?uld throw th?m a v?rb?l fast b?ll that they’re not g?ing to h?v? a pat comeback for.   At thi? point, you can ?ith?r change th? ?ubj??t or ???, “If ??u’ll ?x?u?? m?, Yvonne, I need t? g? g?t….”But if th? r??u??t something you would consider ?t ?n?th?r tim?, t?ll th?m. “A? I ??id, it w?uldn’t b? ????ibl? f?r m? t? give ??u a h?nd for the n?xt f?ur or fiv? d???, but if ??u n??d m ? th?n, I’ll have a f?w h?ur? in th? ?ft?rn??n? th?t I ??n ?ff?r until you’re fini?h?d.”S?m? ?dditi?n?l short ?nd sweet ??mm?nt?:“It wouldn’t b? right f?r me.”“With m? ??h?dul?, I’d b? unreliable, ?nd I w?n’t let myself b? that.”“M? f?mil? w?uld b? disappointed in m? if I t??k ?n another obligation.”“Teach ??ur children/teens t? ??? something ?l?ng th??? lin??: “M? M?m would di? if I did th?t!” ?r “M? parents and I agreed that’s ??m?thing I wouldn’t do”.If you kn?w ?th?r? who might b? th? ??rf??t ??ndid?t? t? do th? f?v?ur ??u’r? h?ving t? decline, ??u ??n mention that.Maybe th?ir children are n?w t? th? ??h??l ?nd th? m?m ?nd dad might ?nj?? meeting ??m? ?f the other ??r?nt?. M??b? th? n?w hir?? would l?v? the chance to ?x??nd th?ir skill ??t?.Or maybe ??u kn?w a mom wh? w?uld lik? to exchange ??m? b?b??itting tim?. If ??, t?ll th??? who are ??king for ??ur h?l? th?t ??u’ll ???? along th? inf?rm?ti?n ?nd h?v? th? others ??nt??t them. (M?k? ?ur? n?t to give ?ut people’s names ?r contact inf?rm?ti?n with?ut ????king t? th?m fir?t.)Y?u might be th? h?rd??t working member ?n th? team, but th?r?’? no need to r?mind ?n??n? about it.Th?t would ??m? off ??unding lik? b???ting ?r ????iv?-?ggr???iv? ??m?l?ining about ?v?r??n? else’s w?rk ?thi?.Just let your yes b? ??? ?nd ??ur n? b? n? wh?n ??k?d t? ?it?h in. And h?l? when you’re ?bl?.Wh?n ??u’r? fini?h?d, ??u’ll be h???? ??u did, b???u?? n? ?n? ??n bring th?t ????i?l spark t? th? ??tivit? lik? you can!If ??u r??ll? w?nt t? ??hi?v? the ‘n?’, here’s how t? do it effectivelyS?? it.  Dont beat ?r?und th? bu?h ?r offer weak ?x?u??? ?r hem ?nd haw. Thi? ?nl? provides ?n ???ning f?r th? ?th?r ??r??n. Dont d?l?? ?r stall ?ith?r. Pr?vid? a bri?f ?x?l?n?ti?n if ??u feel you need t?; however, d?nt feel compelled. Th? l??? ??id the b?tt?r.Be assertive ?nd ??urt??u?.  You might ???, Im ??rr? I ??nt right now but will l?t ??u kn?w when and if I ??n. Thi? approach i? ??lit? , ?nd puts you in a position ?f power b? ?h?nging th? d?n?mi?. Youre t?king ?h?rg?, t?lling people youll let them kn?w wh?n ?nd if you ??n. An?th?r ?x?m?l?, I ???r??i?t? ??ur ??king m? for h?l?, but Im ?tr?t?h?d t?? thin right n?w to devote the time to b? ?f ?u?lit? h?l? t? you.Und?r?t?nd ????l?? t??ti??.  M?n? ????l? ?nd ?rg?niz?ti?n? use manipulation techniques, wh?th?r knowingly ?r n?t. F?r example, think about wh?n ??u g?t a solicitation f?r a donation to a charity and th?r? ?r? forced ??ti?n?: W?uld ??u like t? d?n?t? $10, $20, $30, ?r X ?m?unt? An?th?r tactic: M??t people d?n?t? $20how mu?h w?uld ??u lik? t? d?n?t?? This relies on social ?r???ur?.Set boundaries.  P???l? ??m?tim?? h?v? a h?rd time ???ing no b???u?? th?? havent t?k?n th? time t? ?v?lu?t? their relationships ?nd und?r?t?nd th?ir role within the r?l?ti?n?hi?. When you trul? und?r?t?nd th? d?n?mi? and ??ur r?l?, ??u w?nt f??l ?? w?rri?d about the consequences ?f ???ing n?. Y?ull r??liz? th?t ??ur relationship is so lid ?nd ??n withstand ??ur ???ing n?.Put the ?u??ti?n b??k ?n the ??r??n ??king.  This is highl? effective in a w?rk situation. L?t? ??? a ?u??rvi??r i? ??king you to t?k? ?n ??v?r?l t??k?m?r? th?n you ??n handle. You might ???, Im happy t? d? X, Y, ?nd Z; however, I w?uld need three w??k?, r?th?r th?n tw?, t? d? a g??d job. H?w would ??u lik? me t? ?ri?ritiz? th?m?B? firm.  If ??m??n? cant ?????t ??ur n?, th?n ??u know th? person i? ?r?b?bl? not a tru? fri?nd ?r doesnt r?????t you. Stand firm, ?nd dont feel compelled to giv? in ju?t because that ??r??n i? un??mf?rt?bl?.B? ??lfi?h.  Put ??ur n??d? fir?t. N?t th??? of th? ??r??n asking you f?r ??m?thing. If ??u prioritize th?t ??r??n? n??d? over ??ur?, youll find ??ur productivity will suffer and r???ntm?nt will m?unt. P?rh??? w? can l??rn from W?rr?n Buff?tt, who ??id, Th? difference b?tw??n successful people ?nd very successful ????l? is th?t v?r? ?u?????ful ????l? ??? n? to ?lm??t ?v?r?thing.25 FUNNY W??? T? S?? NO ?ND TH?? ?R? ?F F??TIV? T?? But th?r? ?r? ?t??? t? it. W?’v? already t?lk?d ?b?ut it ?b?v?, but here’s h?w it plays ?ut.St?? One: Prepare ??ur??lf t? ??? “NO.”It i? much easier to ??? no t? an invit?ti?n wh?n we have a concrete r????n for d?ing ??â€"? w?? to justify our r?fu??l beyond th? vague notion th?t w? ?h?uld ?v?id th? ??mmitm?nt in question.This means th?t w? n??d t? ?r??t? th? r????n for saying no b?f?r? we n??d itâ€"w? need a d??i?i?n m?king ?tru?tur?, ?r “rules” t? guid? u? ?? that w? don’t h?v? t? agonize ?v?r every invitation.F?r ?x?m?l?, ?n? rule I have f?r m???lf is th?t I don’t go ?ut m?r? th?n two night? in a giv?n w??k, because I kn?w th?t wh?n I do thi?, I ??n’t meet u? with m? writing d??dlin?? and when I d?n’t m??t u?, I h?v? to apologize ?nd wh?n d? that, I g?t r??ll? ?r?nk?, ?nn???d, ?nd run d?wn.S? if ??m??n? ??k? m? ?b?ut a third evening one week, I have th? structure I n??d to t?ll th?m I’m n?t ?v?il?bl? (but th?nk ??u f?r asking!).St?? Two: S?? ‘NO ’It i? in?r?dibl? h?l?ful t? h?v? go-to w??? t? ju?t ??? n?. I u?? the “I’m ?lr??d? booked” strategy, b???u?? th?t is most ?ft?n th? r????n I can’t d? ??m?thing. H?r? are ??m? ?th?r 25 funn? tactics t? say NOV?gu? but ?ff??tiv?: “Th?nk ??u f?r ??king, but that i?n’t g?ing to work out f?r me.” Thi? i? v?gu?, but v?r? ?ff??tiv?. It m??t ?ft?n leaves th? person ?tunn?d. It? ?ui?t funn?, but only t? you.Firm ?nd d??i?iv? “l?t’? n?t do th?t”: L?t’? n?t d? th?t now. I’m ju?t n?t in th? m??d.It’? not ??r??n?l: “Thank ??u for asking, but I’m n?t d?ing any interviews while I’m writing my b??k.”It? r??ll? n?ting ??r??n?l.A?k me l?t?r: “I want to d? th?t, but I’m n?t ?v?il?bl? until April. Will ??u ??k m? again then?” I am ?ur? I’ll be ?bl? t? ?queeze out tim? f?r you.L?t m? h??k you u?: “I can’t d? it, but I’ll b?t Sh?ll? ??n. I’ll ask h?r f?r you.” Thi? you r??ll? being ni??, especially when ??u are ?r?tt? ?ur? Sh?ll? w?uldn’t b? up for it.K??? trying: “None ?f th??? d?t?? w?rk f?r me, but I w?uld l?v? t? see ??u. S?nd m? some more dates.”Tr? me l??t minut?: “I can’t ?ut anything ?l?? ?n m? ??l?nd?r thi? m?nth, but I’d l?v? t? d? that with ??u ??m?tim?. Will ??u call me right before ??u g? ?g?in?” m??b? I’ll be fr?? th?n. Th?nk? for understandingGr?titud?: “Th?nk ??u ?? much for ??ur enthusiasm and ?u???rt! I’m ??rr? I’m not ?bl? t? help you at thi? tim?.”It? ju?t b?d timing but th?nk you.Give D?d a ?h?n??: “You know, I f??l lik? m?m? ?r? ?lw??? g?tting t? do the holiday ??rti?? at school. Let’s ??k D?d if h? wants t? help this ???r.”No ??n d?: sorry br?, but n? can d?. M??b? wh?n I’m l??? bu??.5-minut? favour: “I can’t ????k at ??ur ?v?nt, but I will help ??u ?r?m?t? it on m? bl?g.”Just N?: “Th?nk?, I’ll have t? ???? ?n th?t.” (Say it, then ?hut up.)Gr??i?u?: “I r??ll? appreciate you ??king me, but m? tim? is ?lr??d? committed.”I’m S?rr?: “I wish I could, but it†™s just n?t g?ing to w?rk right now.”It’s S?m??n? El??’? Decision: “I ?r?mi??d m? ????h (th?r??i?t, hu?b?nd, etc.) I w?uldn’t t?k? ?n ?n? more projects right n?w. I’m working on creating more balance in m? lif?.” I know ??u und?r?t?nd wh?t I m??n. Gl?d ??u und?r?t?ndM? F?mil? i? th? R????n: “Th?nk? ?? mu?h for th? invit?, th?t’? th? d?? ?f my ??n’? ?????r g?m?, ?nd I n?v?r miss th???.” M??b? n?xt tim?.I Kn?w Someone El??: “I just don’t h?v? tim? right now. Let m? recommend someone wh? m?? b? able to h?l? you.”I’m Already Booked: “I ???r??i?t? ??u thinking of m?, but I’m afraid I’m ?lr??d? b??k?d th?t d??.”S?tting Boundaries: “Let m? t?ll you what I ??n d?…” Then limit the ??mmitm?nt to wh?t will be ??mf?rt?bl? for you.Not N?, But Not Y??: my ?ll tim? favourite. “L?t m? think ?b?ut it, ?nd I’ll g?t b??k t? ??u.Say n?thing: “N?t all r??u??t? r??uir? ?n ?n?w?r. It feels rud? t? ign?r? a r??u??t, but sometimes it’? th? best w?? f?r eve ryone to ??v? f??? and time.” Ex?m?l?, “h?? J?hn, h??? ??u w?uld ?tt?nd my ??rt? tonight”. J?hn: *l?ugh?* and ???? noting.Let it all h?ng ?ut: “R???ntl? my daughter g?t injur?d in g?m class. It was a week ?f vi?it? t? th? ER, the ??n?u??i?n ?lini?, specialists, ?t?. I ??nt m?k? it t? your ??rt? but ill b? gl?d if ??u ??m? h?ng ?t the h???it?l with m?”. I’m pretty ?ur? th?? are g?ing t? m?k? u? excuses as ?t to wh? th?? ??n n?t. Th?? w?uld also r??u??t less fr?m ??u.I’m “maxed ?ut”: “W? n??d a ‘??f?t? word’ for ???ing n?â€"?n ???? way t? t?ll ????l? th?t w? ??n’t ?r won’t d? the thing they ?r? r??u??ting, but th?t it’? n?t personal. Just say you ?r? m?x?d out and ?ll?w them g?t th? gi?t.Wh?, H?v?n? NO: this way should b? funn? too. I’m sure the ??r??n didn’t ??? it ??ming. In f??t, it w?uld ??m? ?? a ?h??k, th?? w?uldn’t ask ?g?in.I can’t ?n? more, I h?d m? ?tu?idit? ?m?ut?t?d l??t w??k: this could ??m? off ?? rude but still a bit funny t? you an yways. Ju?t ??u.St?? 3: Don’t look b??kPlenty ?f research ?ugg??t? th?t when we m?k? a decision in a w?? that ?ll?w? us to ?h?ng? our mind? l?t?r, we t?nd to be a l?t l??? happy with th? decisions th?t w? m?k?.S? ?n?? we d??lin? an invitation, w? n??d t? make ?n ?ff?rt to focus ?n th? good th?t will ??m? fr?m ???ing n?, n?t th? regret ?r guilt w? feel about turning d?wn an ?ff?r.Perhaps w? will b? better rested because w? didn’t g? to a party, ?r w?’ll f??l less resentful because we l?t ??m??n? ?l?? h?l? out.M??b? saying no to one thing frees u? tim? f?r another (more j??ful) activity. Whatever th? ???? m?? be, f??u? on the ???itiv? outcome ?f ??ur effort t? giv? g??d n?.Because th?t i? what ?ll thi? ???ing n? i? really about: All?wing ?ur??lv?? t? really ?nj?? wh?t we ?r? doing in th? moment, wh?t?v?r th?t might be.S?M? ?R??TI??L ?X?M?L?? ?F HOW ?ND WH? IT IS IM??RT?NT T? ??? NOa) S??ing N? f?r th? Sake ?f Your W?ll?tR??u??t: A fri?nd in need asks f?r a Trump-worthy loan.Wh?t you ?h?uld say: I wi?h I ??uld, but as a rul?, I d?nt l?nd m?n?? t? fri?nd?.Wh? it w?rk?: Its ?l??r th?t ??u are n?t ?ingling ?ut thi? ??r??n ?? untru?tw?rth?.Wh? ??u ?h?uldnt f??l guilt?: Lending ?n? amount ?f m?n?? can ??u?? ?r?bl?m?, says communications tr?in?r D?n G?b?r. It can change the n?tur? ?f your r?l?ti?n?hi? if the person d???nt ??? ??u b??k.H?w t? ?v?id th? ?itu?ti?n in th? futur?: N?v?r l?nd m?n?? t? fri?nd? ?nd ??u w?nt g?t a reputation as a w?lking, br??thing ATM.R??u??t: A ??-w?rk?r w?nt? ??u t? ?hi? in $25 for a gift for a colleague ??u w?uldnt r???gniz? at the w?t?r ???l?r.Wh?t ??u ?h?uld ???: Oh, Iv? n?v?r r??ll? h?d a conversation with S?m. I think Ill just wi?h him a h???? birthd?? in person.Why it works: Ch?n??? ?r?, th? ??r??n t?king d?n?ti?n? h?? n? id?? how close ??u are (?r ?r? n?t) with the intended r??i?i?nt. B? clarifying th? n?tur? ?f ??ur r?l?ti?n?hi???nd emphasizing your int?nti?n to get t? know th? person b?tt?r???u ??m? ??r??? ?? th?ughtful r?th?r than ?h???.Wh? you ?h?uldnt f??l guilty: A gift isnt a gift if it? ?n ?blig?ti?n, ??? ?ti?u?tt? writers Kim Izz? ?nd C?ri M?r?h.How t? ?v?id the situation in th? futur?: If workplace gift giving i? getting ?ut of hand, t?k? th? lead in r??t?ring sanity b? circulating a ??rd before someone can break ?ut th? gift-d?n?ti?n ?l?t?. M?k? ?ur? others kn?w you d?nt expect ?n?thing on ??ur birthday.R??u??t: Y?ur third ??u?in asks to bring h?r boyfriend-of-the-month to ??ur $150-a-plate w?dding r????ti?n.Wh?t you should ???: W?v? ?lr??d? h?d t? make ?? many t?ugh d??i?i?n? to g?t th? gu??t li?t down t? size. We r??ll? cant squeeze in/?ff?rd another gu??t. But I w?uld love to h?v? ??u two ?v?r for drink? sometime ?? I ??n m??t him.Wh? it works: If ??u illuminate ??m? ?f your b?hind-th?-???n?? planning, your ??u?in m?? g?t a ?lu? ?b?ut th? in???r??ri?t?n??? of the r??u??t.Wh? ??u ?h?uldnt f??l guilt?: Its ??ur ??rt? and ??ur ???k?tb??k, says ?uth?r P?tti Br?itm?n.How t? avoid th? ?itu?ti?n in th? futur?: M?k? a f?w calls b?f?r? ??u put together the guest li?t t? see if th?r? ?r? n?w ?dditi?n? ??u should ??n?id?r as ??u ?l?n.b) Saying No f?r the S?k? ?f Y?ur TimeR??u??t: You ?r? ?ff?r?d a promotion th?t you d?nt want. Even th?ugh it m??n? more m?n??, it d?m?nd? m?r? h?ur? ?nd more ?f wh?t your boss ??ll? responsibility and you ??ll t?dium.What you ?h?uld say: Im fl?tt?r?d th?t you w?nt me, but f?r personal reasons Im n?t in a ?itu?ti?n where I ??n t?k? this ?n. P?rh??? in a ???r fr?m now thing? will be diff?r?nt. C?n we t?lk ?g?in if my circumstances change?Wh? it works: If youre ??ught in thi? enviable dil?mm?, your boss will und?r?t?nd ??u have ??r??n?l priorities that take precedence.Wh? ??u ?h?uldnt f??l guilt?: B? ???ing no to m?r? tim? ?t the office, ??ur? ???ing ??? t? ?th?r thing? ??u ?h?ri?h, b? th?? l?ng w?lk? ?l?n? ?t ?un??t or evening time with ??ur ?hildr?n.H?w t? ?v?id th? ?itu?ti?n in the future: If a ???iti?n ???n? up ?t ??ur w?rk?l???, ??u ??uld l?t it be kn?wn th?t you are n?t in the running, Breitman ?ugg??t?. B?ing forthright ??v?? your m?n?g?r the trouble ?f ?ur?uing a ??ndid?t? wh? i?nt int?r??t?d.Request: You ?r? ??k?d to ???rdin?t? th? b?k? sale?again?at your ?hild? school.Wh?t you ?h?uld ???: I know Im g?ing to disappoint you, but Iv? d??id?d n?t t? volunteer this ???r, b???u?? I f??r Ill end u? f??ling resentful. I? there any w?? to g?t some ?f th? ?th?r parents t? step up?Wh? it works: Oft?n ????l? f??l manipulated into d?ing ??m?thing (Th? i?? ?r??m social ju?t w?nt h????n with?ut your h?l?!). If ??u ??n ?ddr??? th? problematic ??tt?rn ?f ?n? ??r??n? doing ?ll th? work, ??u ?id??t?? th? manipulation. And if ??u ??? n?, it might f?r?? ?th?r? (wh? n?v?r g?t asked) to ??? ???.Wh? you ?h?uldnt feel guilty: Youve done your fair ?h?r?, and n?w ?th?r? ??n do thi? j?b, says R?bin??n.H?w t? ?v?id the situation in the futur?: En??ur?g? school l??d?r? t? ?r???nt th? problem t? ?ll th? ??r?nt?, ???? Robinson. If people kn?w an im??rt ?nt program m?? f?il, theyll u?u?ll? remedy the situation.R??u??t: Y?ur? invited to a distant r?l?tiv?? ?nnu?l L?b?t?r Lu?u?f?r the 14th ???r in a row.Wh?t you ?h?uld say: Iv? really h?d fun in the ???t, but I ??nt make it this year. Th?t w??k i? ?lr??d? ???k?d f?r m?.Why it works: Y?uv? ?x?l?in?d it in a w?? that d???nt sound lik? a ??r??n?l r?j??ti?n, ???? R?bin??n. And ??uv? ??k?d f?r und?r?t?nding, based ?n ??ur n??d t? t?k? ?tr??? out of your ??h?dul?. Ev?r??n? ??n id?ntif? with th?t.Wh? ??u ?h?uldnt f??l guilt?: You h?v? only ?? mu?h free tim???nd ?? mu?h t?l?r?n?? f?r fl?ing lobster g??. D?nt R.S.V.P. ???, then b??k out at the l??t minut? ?r, w?r??, not ?h?w up at ?ll, ??? Izz? ?nd M?r?h. That i? th? l???t d???r?u? way of handling th? invit?.H?w t? ?v?id the situation in the futur?: In a n?t?, th?nk th? r?l?tiv? f?r thinking ?f ??u ?nd explain that b???u?? ??u t?nd t? be bu?? ?t this tim? of ???r, h? ?h?uld f??l fr?? t? t?k? ??u ?ff hi? invit? list.R??u??t: Y?ur b??? asks ??u t? supervise thi? ?????n? int?rn?l??t ???n with her feet u? on a desk, iP?d ?n, Gameboy in h?nd.What ??u ?h?uld ???: Wow, th?t? an interesting ?r?j??t. Im r??ll? busy with the ABC ???ignm?nt right now, so l?t m? kn?w if ??u want m? to r?-?ri?ritiz?.Wh? it w?rk?: A?king ??ur b??? t? ?ri?ritiz? t??k? f?r ??u m??n? you d?nt have t? actually say th? n? word, Breitman ????. If ?h? tells ??u to just squeeze the new task in, then do it. But k??? a list ?f ?ll th? ?xtr? w?rk ??uv? d?n??f?r ??ur n?xt r?vi?w.Why you shouldnt feel guilt?: You r??ll? do h?v? ?n?ugh w?rk to d? ?? it i?.H?w to avoid th? ?itu?ti?n in th? future: If ?xtr? t??k? k??? g?tting dum??d ?n your d??k, ??k your b??? for a m??ting. Ex?l?in that the ?dd?d ???ignm?nt? ?r? m?king it h?rd t? do ??ur ?rim?r? job properly. A?k if she w?nt? t? review ??ur job d???ri?ti?n (?nd r?n?g?ti?t? ??ur ??l?r? whil? ?h?? at it).c) S??ing No f?r th? S?k? ?f Your SanityR??u??t: A friend ??k? t? b?rr?w ??ur ??r (because hers i? in the ?h?? to r???ir th? d?nt ?h? g?t whil? driving, t?lking ?n h?r ??ll phone, ?nd unwr???ing her kids juice-box ?tr?w).What ??u ?h?uld ???: I d?nt l?nd anything worth m?r? th?n $1,000. Tr? to avoid the old I d?nt have insurance for a n?n-f?mil? member excuse?most in?ur?n?? ??li?i?? ??v?r th? ??r, n?t specific driv?r?. (If your friend g?t int? ?n ???id?nt, it ??uld m?k? ??ur premium go u?, though.) If ??u h?v? tim?, offer h?r a ride instead.Why it w?rk?: It ?ut? the blame ?n you, ?x?l?in? ?uth?r P?tti Breitman. Ju?t d?nt indicate you d?nt tru?t the friend.Wh? ??u shouldnt f??l guilty: Y?ur ??r is probably the fir?t ?r second m??t v?lu?bl? thing you ?wn, says Br?itm?n. Y?ur? ?r?t??ting a big fin?n?i?l ????t. Plu?, if ??ur fri?nd were t? get into ?n ???id?nt, ??ur r?l?ti?n?hi? might be t?t?ll?d, too.H?w to avoid th? ?itu?ti?n in the futur?: Let ??ur friends kn?w th?t while youre typically a generous lender (Of ??ur?? ??u can borrow m? ?n?rk?lling g??r!), ??ur ??r is ?ff-limit?.R??u??t: A guest ?ff ?r? t? bring h?r seven-layer di? to your ??rt?. It doesn’t really g? with th? Gr??k th?m? you h?v? ?l?nn?d.Wh?t you ?h?uld say: Wh?t a kind ?ff?r?th?nk ??u. I h?v? already ?l?nn?d th? m?nu, but do ??u have any di?t?r? restrictions I ?h?uld kn?w ?b?ut? If ?h?? ju?t ??king t? b? ni?? ?nd in?i?t? ?n bringing ??m?thing, ?ugg??t a bottle ?f wine ?r a loaf ?f br??d.Wh? it works: By ??kn?wl?dging th? g?n?r??it? ?f th? offer, ??u let th?t person kn?w she did all ?h? could. Of course, if th? ??r??n has dietary r??tri?ti?n? th?t m?k? ???king difficult for ??u, relent ?nd let h?r bring a di?h ?h? can ??t.Why you ?h?uldnt f??l guilt?: Th? person is m??t likely ?ff?ring just t? be courteous. B? ???ing no, you giv? h?r li??n?? t? r?l?x ?nd ?nj?? ??ur h???it?lit?.How t? avoid the situation in the futur?: When ??u invit? ????l?, ??k if there i? anything th?? d?n’t ??t, b???u?? you w?nt to make ?ur? your m?nu w?rk? f?r ?v?r??n?. Emphasize the word menu, so ????l? kn?w that ??u h?v? a ?l?n ?r a t heme f?r th? meal (?nd ?? th?? won’t tr? t? u???t it).Request: Y?ur futur? ?i?t?r-in-l?w wants t? throw ??u a ?h?w?r, but ??u don’t w?nt th? fu??.Wh?t you should say: I r??ll? d?nt want a ??rt?, but thank ??u ?? much f?r ?ff?ring. Why dont we ??lurg? ?n a visit to a d?? ??? in?t??d?Wh? it works: Not everyone lik?? a ??rt? in h?r h?n?ur ?r w?nt? to be th? centre ?f ?tt?nti?n with a ????r plate ?f bows ?n h?r head, say etiquette writ?r? Kim Izz? ?nd Ceri M?r?h. Unless ?h? h?? her ?wn agenda, ?h? ?h?uld und?r?t?nd.Wh? you shouldnt f??l guilt?: If ??u d??lin?, you ?r? t?king ?w?? ??m? pleasure fr?m the ????l? wh? ??r? ?b?ut ??u, but it i? your ?????i?n to ?h?ut ?b?ut ?r b? ?ui?t ?b?ut, ??? Izz? ?nd M?r?h.H?w t? ?v?id th? ?itu?ti?n in th? future: Ann?un?? what you w?uld ?r?f?r t? d? instead of a ?h?w?r b?f?r? anyone ?ff?r? t? throw ?n?.

The Link Between Autism And Vaccines - 941 Words

For several years there has actually been a debate concerning the connection of autism and vaccines especially the mmr injection. Lots of moms and dads think about that the suggested inoculation timetable for the mmr injection is not secure, which a few of its parts are harmful that source Significant negative effects in kids such as autism. The advancement of autism in youngsters right away after the mmr three-way go, has actually produced issue regarding whether there is a partnership in between the two. Thimerosal is a 50 % ethylmercury anti-bacterial material that has actually been utilized in injection prep works for greater than 50 years. Autism is a serious and also damaging ailment identified by recurring practices and also damaged social communication and also interaction capacities. Youngsters with autism have issues with repeating, level of sensitivity to seem, structure, as well as discomfort, as well as limiting designs or regimens. There have actually been numerous moms and dads consisting of stars promoting for much safer vaccines without toxicants. There is no clinical evidence, nevertheless, that vaccines induce autism. Given that Wakefield released in the lancet his monitoring that mmr injection could be entailed with the advancement of autism, actual ly hundreds of magazines have actually shown up that rejected this probability. Throughout the previous seventeen years, simultaneously with the hysteria that happened after wake fields monitoring, hundredsShow MoreRelatedA Link Between Vaccines And The Development Of Autism1452 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst vaccine was created in 1796 and many more have been created since. These deadly diseases such as smallpox, polio, and diphtheria are now being prevented. Since vaccines have been doing their job, we do not see them around anymore. The media is now displaying vaccines in a negative way and people are listening to the misconstrued knowledge. Parents are worried about the risks associated with the vaccines instead of the diseases they are preventing. They believe there may be a link between vaccinesRead MoreThe Mmr Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism873 Words   |  4 Pageschildren’s chance of getting autism. Studies have shown following the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine c hildren become diagnosed with autism. Parents are risking bringing back diseases that before vaccinations killed and threatened the lives of many people. The MMR vaccine does not cause autism, because the doctor who published the first study about this theory has since lost his medical license, many more studies have proven the correlation is a myth, and Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy organizationRead MoreAutism Is A Neurodevelopmental Disorder962 Words   |  4 PagesAutism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is the most severe form of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This illness causes impairments of social abilities, language, speech, and behaviors (DeLong, 2011, p.903). Autism is growing rapidly in the United States beginning in the 1990s (DeLong, 2011, p.903). It becomes the great public health concern. The genetics plays a role in autisms. However, environmental factors also can trigger autism. So the question about whether vaccination is one of these environmentalRead Mo reHow Vaccines Don t Cause Autism849 Words   |  4 PagesKnott 1 Ethan Knott Engrish 9 2 June 2016 How Vaccines don’t cause Autism Imagine this, you have had your first child. You want to protect your child at all costs. Your child is young and innocent and you want them to be protected from all illnesses. The doctor asks if you want your child to be vaccinated. You do a search about the risks from getting vaccinated and you learn that it supposedly can cause autism. Even though you know that you want your child to live a healthy life Imagine this, youRead MoreThe Controversial Link Between Vaccinations And Autism1248 Words   |  5 PagesPosition Paper: The Controversial Link Between Vaccinations and Autism. (4-6 pages) Preventative care is an important cornerstone in pediatrics. It is important and necessary for adult and children’s health. Vaccinations have been a part of this preventative care that doctors insist parents on doing for their children. Marotz (2015) emphasize that the concept of preventative health helps reduce or eliminate factors that threaten a persons’ wellness. Marotz (2015) even suggest that on a personalRead MoreThe Vaccine Of Autism Connection1614 Words   |  7 Pages The Vaccine to Autism Connection It is amazing how much Americans trust doctors and more shocking, vaccines. Vaccines are injections we receive from the moment we are born and throughout our lives that are meant to keep our bodies from contracting various. A baby born in a hospital today can be given up to six shots before the mother is even in a place where she can conciously tell the doctor whether she is okay with that or not. It can take years to become aware of, but the early exposure to theRead MoreA Research Study On My Annual Flu Vaccination1042 Words   |  5 Pageseffects these vaccines could have on their children. This lead me to my quest on finding whether or not vaccines hurt society more than they helped. The first step I took in my expedition was increasing my understanding of vaccines and how they functioned. Luckily, since my major is microbiology, I have taken some courses that have given me a foundation to understanding vaccines. By simply googling how vaccines work, I found the CDC’s article thoroughly explaining the fundamentals of vaccines. BasicallyRead MoreEssay Vaccinations Should Be Mandatory For All Children1534 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst set of vaccines, vaccines that people are now claiming are dangerous. Research shows that vaccination rates fell. MMR (mumps, measles, and rubella) vaccine rates dropped from 93.5% to 90.6%, tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria rates dropped from 87.2% to 85.4% in 2009. (Kluger) Why are vaccination rates dropping so significantly? Pediatrician Dr. Robert Frenck says â€Å"Very articulate, very good-looking movie stars or personalities †¦ are giving out information about how bad vaccines are,† PeopleRead MoreVaccin es And Autism : Do Vaccines Cause Autism?1231 Words   |  5 PagesPseudoscience? I. Vaccines Autism Do Vaccines cause Autism? II. Abstract Do vaccines cause autism is a question that has been bouncing around for over twenty years. The increase in the number of diagnosed cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased significantly and due to the impact this has in people’s lives several studies have been done in an effort to determine the cause. More specifically the MMR, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, vaccination has been accused of being the cause of autism. This accusationRead MoreNo Link Between Receiving Vaccines And Developing Asd1572 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines Causing Autism For years there has been a debate as to if vaccines cause autism. There are people who claim their child has become autistic after being vaccinated. For example, Jenny McCarthy is a well-known case. She claims her son became autistic after being vaccinated, says he has seizures and developed symptoms of autism, she quote on quote said: â€Å" if you ask a parent of an autistic child if they want the measles or the autism, we will stand in line for the measles.† Although people

Investigation of Natural Moral Law Essay examples - 581 Words

Investigation of Natural Moral Law The roots natural law can be found in the ancient Greek and Roman world. In this essay Thomas Aquinas and moral law theory will be highlighted. St Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), was an important Christian philosopher and theologian who’s ethical theory is absolutist and deontological, which means that it is focused on the ethicacy of actions. In his work, summa theologica, Aquinas described natural law as a moral code existing within the purpose of nature, created by God: ‘Law is nothing else than an ordinary of reason for the common good promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community’ Primary and secondary precepts Whether or not an act†¦show more content†¦He maintained that humans were orientated towards the achievement of perfection and that they could never knowingly pursue evil. Sin consists of Gods intention for humans. To choose an apparent good is an error, because it isn’t really good for us. E.g. an adulterer commits adultery because he believes it is good. This is an error of reason, because adultery prevents humans from being closer to what God intended. In similarity, in the example of a child watching TV rather than getting an education, the child believes that watching TV in large amounts is good, although in fact less time should be given to such things and more to learning. To correctly choosing the right thing to do isn’t easy because we are tempted to do what we like doing rather than doing what may be truly good. Exterior and interior acts To act is a good way for the wrong reason is to perform a good exterior act but a bad interior act e.g. helping elderly cross the road is a good exterior act, but to help them to impress someone is a bad interior act and is wrong. The act should be done out of charity and not for the sake of admiration by others. On the other hand, good intentions don’t always lead to good actions. If I steal money to give to a friend, the theft isn’t good because it was done in accordance to help someone out. The only end that Aquinas values is God. PhysicalShow MoreRelatedThe Inherent Rights of Human Beings Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerned with whether or not it is possible for natural rights to exist. Natural rights are rights which we have naturally as humans, in other words rights which we inherently have, just by being human. A large problem with answering this question is that of defining the term rights, a question to which the answer has been very elusive throughout the history of political analysis. The following investigation into the possibility of natural rights will begin with an attempt to create a workingRead MoreEssay on Analysing Kant710 Words   |  3 Pagesmetaphysics, of which there are two branches, the metaphysics of nature and of morals. The metaphysics of nature is supposed to provide rational knowledge of the laws of nature. These are not empirical laws; they are more like universal principles of nature that any empirical physical would presuppose, such as that no event in nature occurs without a natural cause. The metaphysics of freedom is supposed to provide knowledge of the laws of freedom. These are the universal rules which free agents devise toRead MoreEthics And Its Absolute Status1068 Words   |  5 PagesFor our weekly discussion, we have been asked if profiling is moral ethical or neither. Chapter four covers the various ideas of ethics and their absolute status. For the purpose of our discussion, the individual author will break down the different ideas from the text and authors he has studied to define morality, and in the second to use those findings and apply them to profiling. Ethical Universalism and Relative Ethics. â€Å"Ethical thought is still largely dominated by the abstract notion ofRead MoreEssay on A Test to Promote Standards: PESTLE Examination679 Words   |  3 Pagesand E for Natural. It gives an elevated perspective of the entire environment from numerous distinctive edges that one needs to check and keep a track of while examining on a certain thought/plan. The skeleton has experienced certain changes, as masters of Promoting have included certain things like an E for Morals to impart the component of demographics while using the system while examining the business. There are sure inquiries that one needs to ask while directing this investigation, which provideRead MoreThe Evolution of Western Thought Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesaesthetics. Metaphysics is the investigation of ultimate reality. Epistemology is the study of the origins, validity, and limits of knowledge. Ethics studies the origins, validity, and limits of knowledge. Aesthetics is the study of the nature of beauty in the fine arts. Western philosophy is usually considered to have begun in ancient Greece as an assumption about the underlying nature of the physical world. In its earliest form it was indistinguishable from natural science. Gradually, furtherRead MoreThomas Hobbes Biography And View On Justice1447 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of desires. He believes Law is the regulation over human kind`s essential selfishness. His works are considered important statements of the nascent ideas of liberalism as well as of the longstanding assumptions of absolutism characteristic of the times. Thomas Hobbes’s Life Thomas Hobbes, born in April 5, 1588, is an English philosopher who are now consider as a pioneer of modern political principles. His works has strongly influence all of subsequent English moral and political philosophy.Read MoreEthical And Moral Aspects Of Unethical Practices1641 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Unethical practices by organizations in the oil sector are frequently increasing as the pressure to compete and succeed compels them to ignore the ethical and moral aspects of their practices and decision-making. In order to maximize value for its shareholders and gain profitability, some oil companies willfully engage in unethical practices. Companies like Halliburton and Shell have made the headlines of many newspapers due to the unethical practices they engaged in. In May 2003Read MoreEthical Issues Of Business Ethics1369 Words   |  6 Pages‘moras’ (customs) (Senaratne, 2011). Ethics is usually based around a decision one makes to help us identify what is good and what is bad as well as guiding us on doing well and avoiding the bad. What’s more, ethics are like a code of conduct asserting moral guidelines, prevailing good behaviour. It’s also about relationships and how we treat others. There are many underlying ethical issues arising for instan ce, in the work place, health care, in schools and many more. Furthermore, Business ethics isRead MoreAnalytical Philosophy : The Law Of The Land As It s Exists Today1049 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure of law, the meanings and uses of its concepts, and the formal terms and the modes of its operation. It draws on the resources of modern analytical philosophy to try to understand the nature of law. It is not concerned with the past stages of its evolution or its goodness or badness. The purpose is to analyse and discuss the law of the land as it’s exists today. It is a legal theory that draws on the resources of modern analytical philosophy to try to understand the nature of law. AlthoughRead MoreThe Ethical Concepts Of Kantian Ethics Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesWestern thinking and worldview. His innovative and progressive ideas have strongly contributed to the formation of a new paradigm of the universe and role of humans in it. A great role in Kant’s studies belongs to the analysis of ethics, morality and law as the main regulators of the human behavior in the society Kant is known as the founder of the deontological ethics (Kantianism), which presents a rational alternative to the utilitarian ethics and ideas. Particularly, the deontological findings and

Maneging coral reefs Free Essays

Coral reefs are unique ecosystems of plants, animals, and their associated geological framework. The ocean equivalent of rainforests, they are home to 25% of all marine species, yet it is estimated that many of the world’s reefs will be destroyed or significantly damaged in the next 20 years because of the human and the physical damage put on to them. They grow in tropical seas in the photic zone, where there is mild wave action, not so strong to tear the reef apart yet strong enough to stir the water and deliver sufficient food and oxygen. We will write a custom essay sample on Maneging coral reefs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Coral reefs also need nutrient-poor, clear, warm, shallow water to grow. Human Threats to the Coral reefs Tourist There are a number of different human threats applied to the coral reefs, most of it which is caused by tourists. These activities are; * Snorkelling- Inexperienced snorkellers can trample corals with their flippers. The can also damage the corals by getting to close and resting on the reefs. * Boat trips- Cruses taking visitors out to the reefs are often careless when the drop their anchor. The anchor will crush the delicate corals with their weight. The water movements made by the boats travelling too fast will damage the corals the force applied to the corals underwater. When the boats get to close to the reefs, the hull tends to scrape past the corals, damaging them. * Boat hire- Tourist don’t tend to know the local water, so when they hire a boat, they usually run it aground on a reef. * Souvenirs- When tourists go snorkelling or scuba diving by the corals, they tend to pick corals for them to take home. Fishing It’s NOT always tourist how cause all the damage, but it’s also the fishermen. Their ways of catching fish is always a harm to corals. Their ways of fishing are; * Dynamite fishing- Some fishers in poor countries, who fish by the coral reefs, often drop dynamites or other explosive into the reefs. When it explodes, it drives the fishes out of the corals and stuns or kills them. This makes it easier to collect the fishes. The explosion can blow corals apart and can send shock waves to the coral which are further away. This is a danger to the fishes and corals. Small organisms, especially coral polyps, are killed by the cyanide in this process. It also provides a new set of dangers to the fishermen. * Metal Nets- When fishers use large mesh net to fish the corals reefs with, the corals get usually get stuck, and then get ripped off, when the boats drag the net behind them. Physical threats to the coral reefs There are also a number of physical threats applied top the coral reefs. They are; * Sea level- Global warming causes the temperature to rise by 1 or2 centigrade per century. It may not seem much, but it affects the sea because the sea level rises by 15-95 cm. A rise in temperature causes the icebergs to melt. The melted sea water is added to the sea, and makes the sea level rise. The means that the sea becomes deeper. If the sea becomes deeper, the corals will start to lack in sunlight. Corals need warm and shallow water. * Soil Erosion- When soil erodes, the soil usually ends up in a river, and then gets carried down to the sea. The soil can then be deposited on the corals. If this happens, the corals would be covered in sand, and they won’t be able to intake any sunlight. It is usually caused by poor use of land. * Climate change- Changes to the weather patterns can cause problems for the coral reefs. Hurricanes are now striking more and more frequently, and the have becomes stronger. This is all to blame on the global warming. Hurricanes can have a devastating impact on the coral reefs because of its increased wave energy. Sediments generated during storms can bury the coral communities. Ways to prevent human damages to coral reefs Tourist There might be a lot of human threats to the coral reefs which can damage them, but there are also a number of ways to prevent the damages which are caused to them. These ways are; * Snorkelling- Inexperienced snorkellers should need to take an experienced snorkeller with them. Like they do driving licences, they should do snorkelling licences. * Boat trips- When cruses take people to see the reefs, they can drop the anchors somewhere by the reefs, where there are no fishes or corals. The movements made by fast boats can be prevented by putting a speed limit by the coral reefs. * Boat hire- When tourists hire a boat, the hiring agency should give them a driver who knows the local water, to steer the boat around the coral reefs. * Souvenirs- Instead of tourist picking corals from the reefs, the government should pick dead corals, and sell the in gift shops. Fishing There are also ways to prevent damage cause by fishing, if we prevent fishing by the corals, the fishmongers will become bankrupt, and there would be much more poverty. But if we don’t prevent fishing by the reefs, in the years to come, the rare types of fishes will be extinct. The ways fishing can be prevented are; * Dynamite fishing- Dynamite fishing can be prevented is banned. If people still continue, there should be a watchman for the each reef, patrolling the reefs for any dynamite fishers. * Metal Nets- Instead of using large mesh nets, the fishers should use nets made out of roots and vines because corals won’t break and if the nets get stuck, the fishes can always eat them. Ways to prevent physical damage to the coral reefs The physical threats applied to the coral reefs are mostly caused by global warming. Most of it can be prevented if less CO2 is used, but there are many other ways to prevent these. They are; * Sea level- It is hard to prevent the sea level from rising, is still possible. This can be done if the amount of carbon dioxide produce is less than before. We can shorten the amount by using less energy, stop the usage of non-renewable fuels and use our cars less and less. * Soil erosion- Soil erosion can be prevented by planting more trees on the land. This will keep the soil together and prevent the soil from washing away when it rains heavily. * Climate change- Hurricanes and other powerful storm are nearly impossible to prevent. It wouldn’t be normal if they don’t strike, but reducing the amount of CO2 would help to reduce the speed of the storms. If the damage continues at the same rate as it is now, in the next few centuries to come, the coral reefs and their inhabitants would be extinct. In my opinion, the tourist industry is causing most of the damage. The coral reefs should be all made into a nature park, where tourist would have a guide to take them around the corals and tell them about the dangers of them being extinct. Fishing by the coral reefs should be banned by the government. If all these improvements are made, the fragile ecosystem would be around for the next generation of people to see them. How to cite Maneging coral reefs, Papers

Parts of Typewriter and Their Functions Essay Example For Students

Parts of Typewriter and Their Functions Essay Card Holder- presses cards and envelopes close to the cylinder. 8. Left Margin Stop- Key,lever or button used to adjust the setting of margins. 9. Printing-point Indicator. Indicates scale point where machine is ready to print 10. Paper Bail. Clamps the paper to cylinder 1 1. Right Margin Stop. Lever to adjust setting of margins 12. Paper Release- loosens paper for straightening or removing 13. Right Carriage Release- lever at right to free carriage so it can be moved by hand 14. Right Platen knob- handle at end of the cylinder 5. Carriage- top moving part that carries paper 16, Backspace Key- moves carriage backbone space at a time 17. Tab Set Key- places at tab stop at desired point 18, Tab Bar or Tabulator- releases carriage 50 it moves to a point where a tab stop has been set 19. Space bar- advances carriage one space at a time 20, Tab Clear Key- removes tab stops at a time 21. Margin release- unlocks the margin stop 22 Ribbon Color Control- let disengage ribbon or any part of it like red or black if your ribbon is of two colors.

3 Criteria that Determine Whether the Manager Is Making Good Decisions

When a manager makes decisions, he/she thinks about the outcome of the affair. A good decision-making process is resulted in a successful project. This criterion may be considered as one of the signs that good decisions are made. The second criterion, which may determine whether the manager is making good decisions or not, is the possibility to meet the budget. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Criteria that Determine Whether the Manager Is Making Good Decisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are always different risks which cannot be forecasted, but at the same time, the financial issues are usually stated and the possibility to meet them is a sign of good decisions-making skills. The third criterion, which helps a manager understand whether he/she makes a good decision, is the opportunity to follow the process. â€Å"Achieving success requires that a rational and explicit or structured decision proce ss be developed and used† (Powell Buede, 2008, p. 13). In other words, the decision process should be structured, without chaotic actions. To make sure that the made decisions are correct, it is always important to monitor the project, consider its results and critically analyze the whole process. Assumptions in Decision Making An assumption may be considered from different perspectives. Considering assumptions as a part of decisions making, it may be stated that this notion means responsibility a manager should dear. The most spread assumptions which usually go with any decision a manager works on are assumptions about information (the necessity to get necessary information on time and reduce the possession of limited information to minimum), assumptions of unitary actors (the possibility to involve other people in the process of decision making), and assumptions about the nature of the problem (the responsibility to define the problem correctly). The possibility to cope w ith those assumptions shows a manager a good decision maker (Ahmed Triana, 2008). Assumption Scenarios To understand the main idea of the assumptions and the influence of those on the decisions-making process and the results, it is necessary to check the specific examples. The automobile and airplane industries are going to be considered.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An automobile manufacturer’s assumption is that the demand for SUVs would continue because gas prices would continue to rise. The accuracy of this assumption cannot be put under question as SUVs are famous for their better efficiency. The raise of the fuel prices does not encourage people for buying cars with high fuel consumption. Otherwise, they try to find something based on economy issues. To test the credibility of this assumption, it is possible to conduct a research and identify the periods wh en fuel prices were high and when they were low along with the car buying statistics. The comparison and contrast of the information may help us understand whether the assumptions for decisions making are correct or not. An airline’s assumption that there was a need for an airline that provided no added amenities may be considered as a bad one for decisions making. Those who used this assumption for decisions making were mistaken as a results the decision to increase the number of airplanes did not make additional profit. Those who made this decision failed to conduct a research, understand the necessities of the company, and set correct objectives. It may be said, that they violated the assumption of information, having taken wrong facts for granted. Reference List Ahmed, K. Triana, E. S. (2008). Strategic environmental assessment for policies: an instrument for good governance. Washington: World Bank Publications. Powell, R. A. Buede, D. M. (2008). The Project Managerâ⠂¬â„¢s Guide to Making Successful Decisions. London: Management Concepts. This essay on 3 Criteria that Determine Whether the Manager Is Making Good Decisions was written and submitted by user Braden Cochran to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Is Stockholm Syndrome Is It Real

What Is Stockholm Syndrome Is It Real SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re studying for your AP Psychology exam, you’ve probably stumbled across the term â€Å"Stockholm Syndrome.† But what is Stockholm Syndrome, exactly? As it turns out, Stockholm Syndrome is a complicated diagnosis that is still surrounded in quite a bit of controversy. In this guide, we’ll teach you everything you need to know about Stockholm Syndrome, and we’ll answer the following frequently asked questions: What is Stockholm Syndrome? Where does it come from? What causes Stockholm Syndrome, and what are its symptoms? Is Stockholm Syndrome a real diagnosis? At the end of this article, we’ll wrap things up with an in-depth look at two real-life cases of Stockholm Syndrome. (You’ll want to stick around until the end...those cases are really interesting.) Ready? Then let’s jump in! What Is Stockholm Syndrome? Stockholm Syndrome- which is also sometimes called â€Å"trauma bonding† or â€Å"terror bonding†- is defined as the â€Å"psychological tendency of a hostage to bond with, identify with, or sympathize with his or her captor.† In other words, Stockholm Syndrome occurs when someone who is held against their will starts to have positive feelings toward the person (or group) who is holding them captive. Also, despite being a psychological phenomenon, Stockholm Syndrome isn’t a mental disorder. Instead, it’s classified as a syndrome, which is a condition that’s characterized by a set of symptoms that often occur together. In order to be diagnosed with a syndrome like Stockholm Syndrome, a person has to exhibit most- but not all!- of the major symptoms that are associated with the syndrome itself. The Kreditbanken building in Norrmalmstorg, Sweden The History of Stockholm Syndrome Unlike most syndromes, which are discovered over time as doctors uncover trends in their patients, the origin of Stockholm Syndrome can be traced back to one specific event. On the morning of August 23, 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson- who was already on parole for robbery- walked into Kreditbanken, a bank in Stockholm, Sweden. He opened fire on two Swedish police officers before taking four bank employees hostage. As part of the list of demands he issued to authorities, Olsson asked that Clark Olofsson, one of his friends from prison, be brought to him. (Olofsson would become Olsson’s accomplice in the Kreditbanken hostage situation, and he would go on to rob another bank two years later.) The hostage situation would last six days before police would use tear gas to subdue Olsson and rescue the hostages. The unfolding drama captured the world’s attention. However, over the course of those 130 hours, another strange thing happened: Olsson’s hostages began to feel sympathy for their captor. One hostage, Kristin Ehnmark, told reporters after the ordeal that she and her fellow hostages were more afraid of the police than Olsson. She and her fellow hostages would later tell authorities that they were treated kindly by Olsson, even though he was holding them captive. For instance, Olsson gave his jacket to Kristin when she began to shiver, and when Elizabeth Oldgren- another hostage- became claustrophobic, Olsson allowed her to walk outside of the vault where he was holding everyone hostage.The hostages’ sympathy of Olsson continued on even after their ordeal was over, and some of them even went to visit Olsson in prison! The psychiatrists who treated the victims compared their behavior to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, that they saw in soldiers returning from war. But that diagnosis didn’t quite fit, especially since the Kreditbanken hostage victims felt emotionally indebted to Olsson. They felt that Olsson, not the police, spared them from death, and they were grateful to Olsson for how kind he was to them. This unique set of symptoms led psychiatrists to label this phenomenon â€Å"Stockholm Syndrome,† which is still what we call it today. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images What Causes Stockholm Syndrome? Stockholm Syndrome occurs in people who have been kidnapped or taken hostage and held against their will. It’s common for people to think that someone must be held hostage for a long period of time to develop Stockholm Syndrome, but new research suggests that isn’t true. Experts believe that it’s the intensity of the experience- not the length of it- that’s one of the primary contributors to whether someone will experience Stockholm Syndrome. Additionally, some psychologists believe that Stockholm Syndrome is more likely in situations where the captors don’t physically abuse their hostages. Instead, captors rely on the threat of violence instead. This can be aimed toward the victim, the victim’s families, or even other hostages. If victims believe their captors will carry through on their threats, it makes them more compliant. Additionally, the lack of violence becomes a sign of kindness. In other words, because a captor could- but doesn’t- act on their threats, victims begin to see that as a sign that their captors care about them. This tension creates the defining characteristic of Stockholm Syndrome, where victims start to sympathize with and/or care about their captors. We can definitely see this in the case of the Kreditbanken robbery. Olssen threatened his hostages with physical violence but never carried through. The hostages told the press that they didn’t feel Olssen was a bad person, especially since he didn’t physically mistreat them during the hostage crisis. Circumstances like these can cause victims to think of their captors as essentially nice- or sometimes even good- people who are taking care of them. Cases of Stockholm Syndrome can show evidence of emotional manipulation or abuse, however. In these instances, the captors use emotional tactics to convince victims to sympathize with them and comply with their demands. This can involve convincing victims that the outside world is more dangerous than staying with their captors or persuading victims that the kidnapper is a victim, too.This makes victims feel like they are unable to escape from their situation, which is why people with Stockholm Syndrome stay with their captors. From a psychological perspective, most psychologists and psychiatrists believe that Stockholm Syndrome is, at its core, all about survival instinct. When people are put into extremely dangerous or traumatic situations, they often behave instinctually in order to survive. You’ve probably heard of this phenomenon phrased as â€Å"fight or flight† instinct, where you either run, freeze, or attack when you’re scared. (For the record, we’re runners.) But survival instinct is actually much more complicated than that, especially when it comes to complex trauma. In the case of Stockholm Syndrome, victims become attached to their captors as a way to cope with their situation. This is also a way for victims to try to make their captors sympathize with them, and thus make it less likely for their captors to hurt or kill them. In other words, building an emotional connection becomes a victim’s way to both cope with his/her new reality and, hopefully, to survive. Having said all of this, there’s one last- but important- thing to realize about Stockholm Syndrome: it doesn’t involve any conscious choice on the part of the victim. Here’s what we mean. Say you’ve been kidnapped, and you’re being held against your will. You might decide to be nice to your kidnappers in an attempt to stay alive and, hopefully, escape. In this scenario, you choose to act in a certain way. Stockholm Syndrome, on the other hand, only occurs when the victim starts subconsciously and involuntarily sympathizing with their captor. In these instances, victims don’t have any conscious idea of what they’re doing, and their feelings toward their kidnappers last long after they’ve been freed. What Are the Symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome? At this point, it’s clear that Stockholm Syndrome is situational, which means that it’s something a person develops in a certain set of very traumatic circumstances. (Namely, the victim has been taken hostage by a stranger and is being held captive.) Now let’s take a look at the four major symptoms someone with Stockholm Syndrome experiences. Symptom 1: The Victim Has Positive Feelings Toward the Captor Like we’ve mentioned before, this is the hallmark of Stockholm Syndrome. Despite being in a terrifying situation, someone developing Stockholm Syndrome will start to sympathize, care about, or feel positively about the person (or people) who are holding them hostage. These positive feelings make the victim more likely to comply with their captors’ demands and feel guilty when they don’t. This was certainly true for the hostages in the Kreditbanken robbery. After her release, Kristin Ehnmark- one of the hostages- would tell reporters that she â€Å"felt like a traitor† when she gave the police information behind Olsson’s back. Additionally, these feelings come from a perception that the captors are treating them kindly. Another of the Kreditbanken victims, Sven Safstrà ¶m, remembers his reaction to Olsson’s threats. â€Å"All that comes back to me [now],† he would tell reporters later, â€Å"is how kind I thought [Olsson] was for saying it was just my leg he would shoot.† These perceived acts of kindness make victims feel like their captors are caring for or protecting them, even in a bad situation. This can make victims think of their captors as good people in a bad situation, rather than criminals who are breaking the law. And remember: for the victim, these positive feelings develop subconsciously and is completely outside of their control. This reaction is their instinctual reaction to a dangerous and traumatic situation, and it’s a survival tactic. Symptom 2: The Victim Has Negative Feelings Toward Family, Friends, or Authorities Because the victim is aligning with their captor, victims also begin to adopt their way of thinking. Since the captors are afraid of being caught and prosecuted, the victims often take on the same anxiety as well. Additionally, some kidnappers also convince their victims that they are protecting them from a dangerous world, not the other way around. This was the case in the Kreditbanken case, where the hostages became afraid that the police- not Olsson- were the real threat. In a phone call with Sweden’s Prime Minister, Kristin Ehnmark explained that while she was being treated well, she was afraid â€Å"the police will attack and kill us† instead. Experts explain that the phenomenon of sympathizing with the captor is a type of hypervigilance, where victims believe that the happiness of their captors is critical to their own wellbeing and safety. In other words, when the captor feels happy and safe, the victims are, too. That’s why victims displaying symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome turn on people who threaten the captor-captive relationship, including the authorities. Symptom 3: The Captor Has Positive Feelings Toward the Victim There are two ways this works. In one aspect, the victim perceives that their captor actually cares about them. This has a lot to do with the â€Å"kindness† we mentioned earlier. When captors don’t act on their threats- or when they do small, seemingly nice things for their victims- it can seem like they actually care about the people they’re holding captive. For example, during her time as a hostage in the Kreditbanken robbery, Elizabeth Oldgren was used by Olsson as a human shield. But he also gave her his jacket when she got cold, which Elizabeth saw as a sign of Olsson’s goodness. She would later tell reporters that although she had â€Å"known him a day when I felt his coat around† her, she was also â€Å"sure [Olsson] had always been that way.† Despite Olsson’s threats and posturing, his one act of compassion made Elizabeth think that he cared about her well-being, too. The second way this works is when authorities, like FBI or police negotiators, use tactics to get captors to see their victims as humans. By doing things like asking captors to call their hostages by their first names, the authorities work to humanize the victims. Doing so makes captors less likely to kill their victims because they’re afraid of getting caught, and the FBI trains its members to use this tactic to â€Å"help preserve life.† Symptom 4: The Victim Supports or Helps the Captor The final symptom of Stockholm Syndrome comes when a victim, instead of trying to escape, tries to help their captor rather than the authorities. In this case, the victim is putting the needs of their captor above their own freedom in order to survive. By this point, someone displaying the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome already believes that their captor might hurt them or people they care about if they don’t comply with their demands. But more importantly, the victim has started to see the world from their captor’s point of view. Helping their captor isn’t something they’re forced to do- people with Stockholm Syndrome do so out of their own free will and their survival instinct. This last symptom can be particularly confusing for authorities, especially when they don’t realize that the victim has Stockholm Syndrome. During the Kreditbanken incident, Kristin Ehnmark was allowed to speak the then-Prime Minister, Olof Palme, on the phone. Not only did she express a distrust of the police, she also demanded that the victims be allowed to escape with Olsson, not from him! To make things more complicated, this symptom can also manifest itself in a desire to help captors even after the victim has been freed. In fact, Kristen and the other victims of the Kreditbanken robbery visited Olsson in prison for years after the incident. Is Stockholm Syndrome the Same Thing as Being in an Abusive Relationship? The short answer? No. Even though many of the causes and symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome sound like the hallmarks of an abusive relationship, there’s one significant difference: Stockholm Syndrome only occurs in situations where a victim doesn’t know their captor. In other words, in order to develop Stockholm Syndrome, a victim must have never met their kidnapper before. Domestic abuse, on the other hand, requires some sort of prior contact. In cases of domestic abuse, the victim and the perpetrator know each other in some way- they’re related, romantically involved, or in some other close relationship. So while abusive relationships and Stockholm Syndrome might share some characteristics, they aren’t the same thing. Is Stockholm Syndrome a Real Diagnosis? Although Stockholm Syndrome has captured public imagination, there is controversy in the medical community about whether it should be classified as its own disorder. Psychologists and psychiatrists use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5, as the holy grail of psychological diagnoses. It’s the standard diagnostic tool for any and all psychiatric illnesses and disorders...and Stockholm Syndrome doesn’t appear in the DSM-5. That’s the case for a few reasons. First, the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome are very similar to those of trauma bonding or post-traumatic stress disorder, both of which do appear in the DSM-5. Psychiatrists and psychologists, however, aren’t in agreement about which classification Stockholm Syndrome falls under. Because there’s no extensive body of research or consensus to help solve the argument, Stockholm Syndrome is left out of the DSM-5 entirely. Second, Stockholm Syndrome is incredibly hard to study because it’s so rare. (More on that in a second.) That means it’s hard to come up with a widely accepted metric for diagnosing Stockholm Syndrome since each case is so unique. That makes it nearly impossible to develop a diagnostic rubric for Stockholm Syndrome, which is the DSM-5’s primary purpose. Lastly, Stockholm Syndrome is a syndrome, not a mental disorder or a mental illness. That means that it’s a collection of associated symptoms with no root biological or mental cause. While there are ramifications of Stockholm Syndrome that are similar to post-traumatic stress disorder, the onset of Stockholm Syndrome is situational, not pathological. So that brings us back to our first question: is Stockholm Syndrome a real diagnosis? Yes and no. While Stockholm Syndrome is not a recognized psychological diagnosis of a mental illness or disorder in the DSM-5, it is a clinical way to explain the unique symptoms that some kidnap and hostage victims display. Nick Youngson/Alpha Stock Images Are There Famous Examples of Stockholm Syndrome? Despite being a fairly well-known psychological condition, Stockholm Syndrome in real life is remarkably rare. According to the 2007 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73 percent of all kidnapping victims show no evidence of Stockholm syndrome whatsoever. Of those victims remaining, fewer than five percent will develop Stockholm syndrome at all. (In contrast, abusive domestic relationships- which share many of the characteristics of Stockholm syndrome- are unfortunately much more common.) So why are people so curious about a syndrome that occurs so rarely? Along with being a fascinating psychological topic, Stockholm Syndrome continues to capture the imagination of the public in movies, television shows, and even music. In fact, it’s such a pervasive topic in pop culture that the syndrome even has its own write-up on TVTropes.com! This preoccupation with Stockholm Syndrome means that when the rare case does occur, it triggers a media frenzy. Let’s take a look at two of cases of Stockholm Syndrome that captured the world’s attention. Patty Hearst after her arrest in 1975 Patty Hearst One of the most famous cases of Stockholm Syndrome is the kidnapping of Patty Hearst. In February 1974, 19-year-old Patty Hearst was kidnapped from her apartment in Berkeley, California by a group calling themselves the Symbionese Liberation Army, or SLA. The SLA was a radical activist group that used tactics like bank robbing, murder, and kidnapping to wage war- both ideological and literal- against the U.S. Government, which they viewed as an oppressive â€Å"capitalist state.† The SLA decided to kidnap Patty Hearst because she was the granddaughter of billionaire newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst and the heiress to his fortune. The SLA had three goals in kidnapping Patty Hearst. First, they wanted media attention for their anti-capitalist platform (which they definitely received). Second, they wanted to extort money from Patty’s family to fuel their cause. And last, the SLA planned to brainwash Patty into becoming not only a member of the SLA, but the poster child of their movement. Unfortunately, although the Hearst family would meet most of the SLA’s demands- which included donating $8 million dollars to feed the poor- the SLA didn’t release Patty to her family. Patty wouldn’t be seen for two months, and when she did reappear, it was shocking. In April 1974, the SLA robbed Hibernia Bank in San Francisco...and Patty Hearst was one of the robbers. Security footage showed Patty wielding a machine gun and helping in the robbery, looking quite unlike someone who was being held against her will. After the robbery, the SLA released a pre-taped message from Patty herself. In the recording, Patty called herself â€Å"Tania† and claimed that she was now a voluntary member of the SLA movement. The video sparked widespread public debate. Had Patty been brainwashed by the SLA? Or had she orchestrated the kidnapping plot in order to join the organization and extort money from her family? This debate would end up playing out in court. Patty and other members of the SLA were captured by the FBI in September 1975, eight months after Patty’s kidnapping. She was charged with armed robbery along with a handful of other crimes, and her defense team argued that she had Stockholm Syndrome. But that was a hard case to make: the Kreditbanken robbery had happened just two years earlier, and Stockholm Syndrome was still a new idea in the public consciousness. Ultimately, the jury was unconvinced by the defense, and Patty Hearst was still sentenced to seven years in prison. She would serve two years in prison before her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter. Although there is still quite a bit of controversy surrounding the Patty Hearst case, her situation is now regarded as one of the best examples of Stockholm Syndrome outside of the Kreditbanken hostage situation. Jaycee Dugard in 1991 (Family Photo/CNN) Jaycee Dugard The kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard is another famous case of Stockholm Syndrome that became a media sensation. On June 10, 1991, 11-year-old Jaycee Dugard was abducted while walking home after getting off the school bus. Her mother had moved the family to Meyers, California a year earlier because she thought it was a safer place to raise her children, but now her worst fears had been realized. Once people realized that Jaycee was missing, the community leaped into action. Despite a widespread search effort and tons of media coverage- including a feature on America’s Most Wanted- Jaycee Dugard seemed to have disappeared without a trace. Many thought Jaycee was dead, but her mother held out hope that she was still alive.And she was alive, but she was being held against her will in Antioch, California...just three hours away from her childhood home. Jaycee was held captive until 2009, and even then, she was only rescued because her kidnapper made some critical mistakes. Phillip Greg Garrido, who was on parole for kidnapping and a registered sexual offender, visited the University of California, Berkeley campus looking for a place to hold a special event as part of his â€Å"God’s Desire† program. Garrido believed that angels were communicating with him and had granted him supernatural powers, and he wanted to proselytize on the campus. The UC Berkeley events office and campus police reported him to his parole officer, who asked Garrido to come in for a meeting. He did and brought his wife, Nancy, Jaycee, and Jaycee’s two daughters. (Garrido had repeatedly sexually assaulted Jaycee, who had two children as a consequence.) The police separated Jaycee from Garrido and started questioning her. Jaycee insisted her name was â€Å"Allissa,† and she only admitted her true identity after Garrido confessed to his crimes. By this point, Jaycee had lived with Garrido as â€Å"Allissa† for longer than she had lived with her biological parents. During her questioning at the police station, authorities immediately noticed that Jaycee was displaying symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome. This became even more apparent as more of Jaycee’s story came to light. For instance, as Jaycee got older, Garrido and his wife would take her out into public, including local festivals and fairs. Dugard even helped Garrido run a printing business out of his house. She worked as his graphic designer, answered phone calls and emails, and even met with clients. Despite this, she never made any attempts to escape or reveal her true identity. During an interview with Diane Sawyer for ABC News, Jaycee explained why she never tried to run away and her experience with Stockholm Syndrome. When Sawyer asks Jaycee why she didn’t run, she says, â€Å"in the situation...it wasn’t an option.† She goes on to say that Garrido convinced her that the outside world was dangerous, and that staying with him was the only way to keep herself and her children safe. Sawyer then asks Jaycee if she will ever understand why she didn’t try to leave, and Jaycee responds, â€Å"No. I don’t think so.† Like the Kreditbanken victims, Stockholm Syndrome convinced Jaycee that she was safer staying with her captor than trying to leave. Today, Jaycee uses her experience as a kidnapping victim and trauma survivor to help others who have experienced similar situations. Through her non-profit, the JAYCFoundation, Jaycee works to raise awareness and support for families who have experienced the abduction of a loved one. Now What? If you or someone you know is in a situation like the ones we’ve described above, reach out for help. You can always contact The National Domestic Violence Hotline by phone, text, or web chat for help. Looking for more resources on AP test topics? We’ve got plenty, like a run-down on the different modes of persuasion and a huge list of AP biology study guides! If the term â€Å"AP Test† is no for you, don’t worry! Here’s a primer on AP exams and a breakdown of the average score for each one.

Country Analysis Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Country Analysis - Outline Example is a landlocked country in north-eastern Africa with most of the people belonging to the different tribes but many of them are not Muslims unlike that of Sudan itself. South Sudan had one of the longest civil wars in Africa starting from 1972 and ending in 2005 with a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Much of the country is dependent on subsistence farming due to the ancient nomadic agriculture. Frankly speaking, the country has very few resources except oil but has plenty of challenges to tackle before it can make any significant progress. (186) Political situation – it is quite ironic how a young country like South Sudan which had just emerged from a long and protracted civil war is now again embroiled in another civil war that is being fought between two former political allies. Its current president Salva Kiir Mayardit has accused his former vice president and other accomplices of trying to stage a coup detat. President Kiir belongs to the Dinka ethnic tribe while his ex-deputy Mr. Riek Machar belongs to the Nuer tribe. The conflict has drawn outside forces from nearby Uganda who are helping government troops fight the rebels lead by Machar and other allied tribes. This new ensuing political instability due to a power struggle along ethnic lines has disrupted the development plans of the young country and has killed at least 10,000 from both sides with 400,000 who fled to neighboring countries while another 1 million people are displaced internally. The current conflict poses a serious risk to South Sudan and if allowed to linger, it can be the source of further political instability that weakens government institutions and possibly make it a failed state like Somalia where there is no central government. Although the people of the country had identified themselves as members of a group distinct from pre-partition Sudan as they are not Muslims but Christians and animists, the new government has so far failed in its mission and vision to implement a new

Edgar Allan Poe's The Black Cat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edgar Allan Poe's The Black Cat - Essay Example At the same time, he says that he is not mad and not mistaken, which also makes the reader to conclude that he is lying. Hence, the author has dissected different aspects of the story like the events, characters and coincidences in the story, to find out the truth. According to Amper, the narrator challenges the readers (and the police) to find out the truth behind the murder by giving an unclear picture of different incidents in the story. The narrator has told the story as if he is putting a puzzle in front of the readers and asking them to put it together. However, the attempt to suppress his strong guilt makes his subconscious mind to provide different cues to the reader. The cues make the readers doubt what the narrator is saying and helps to find the truth about the story. Amper says that the narrator’s subconscious guilt makes it difficult for his conscious mind to hide the truth completely. Hence, according to Amper, the cats are figments of the imagination which the n arrator has invented to replace his wife. The author says that the black cat ‘Pluto’ and the second cat are the imaginary substitutes for his wife, used to hide the guilt behind the heinous nature of his crime. Hence, according to Amper, the cats are nothing but fiction. ... Moreover, two ‘rigorous’ searches made by police makes the author believe that the narrator is lying, as according to the author, it would take more than three days to make the police suspicious about the narrator’s story and conduct ‘rigorous’ search. Moreover, the condition of wife’s dead body convinces the reader that the narrator is lying as according to the author, a body cannot â€Å"decay greatly and clot with the gore† just in three days. The subconscious â€Å"slips† of a tongue in narrator’s story makes the reader realize that the narrator is actually describing the murder of his wife by replacing wife with the cat. Moreover, Amper agrees with Daniel Hoffman, who was first in describing that the â€Å"narrator has substituted the cat for wife and wife for cat†. Hence, all the different fragments of the story like ‘apparition on the wall’, ‘the second cat’, ‘image of gallowsâ €™ etc., are the hallucinations and psychological elements which haunts the narrator due to the burden of the subconscious guilt of killing his wife. However, according to the author, what really exposes the narrator’s lie is his description of the condition of his wife’s body. The author says that â€Å"the greatly decayed state of the corpse† is the highlight of the story and that’s when the reader realizes that the narrator has killed his wife and not the cat and that too, long time back. The author has concluded the article by appreciating Poe for writing a simple yet brilliant detective story that has a touch of psychological thrill to it. Response The article ‘Untold Story: The Lying Narrator In â€Å"The Black Cat†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, written by Susan Amper, is a deep look at different

Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction Physiology Essay

Understanding Skeletal Muscle Contraction Physiology Essay Introduction Muscle contractions are a result of the buildup of tension within the muscle, and for muscles to contract, they must have a continuous supply of energy in the form of a molecule called adenosine triphosphate or ATP (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). Through muscle contractions, we are able to run, walk, lift, push, sit, and even chew our food (Stabler, et.al, 2009). In addition to an energy requirement, skeletal muscles must be stimulated to contract (Stabler, et.al, 2009). Skeletal muscles are stimulated from an action potential that originates from within motor neurons (Stabler, et.al, 2009). Motor neurons are those that send electrical signals to skeletal muscle cells (Stabler, et.al, 2009). An action potential is the electrical signal that occurs when positively charged ions flood into the motor neuron as a result of a chemical, electrical, or other type of stimulus (Stabler, et.al, 2009). This signal, an area of intracellular positivity, self propagates down the length of the neuron tow ards the muscle cell (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). Once this signal reaches the muscle cell, it is converted into a muscle contraction through a process called excitation-contraction coupling (Stabler, et.al, 2009). The interior of muscle cells also becomes very positive resulting in a muscle contraction. Muscle contractions have 3 different phases which include the latent period, contraction phase, and the relaxation phase (Silverthorn, D.U., 2010). The latent period occurs between the start of an action potential and the beginning of a muscle contraction (Stabler, et.al, 2009). This is the phase that will be studied later. The contraction period begins at the end of the latent period and ends when muscle tension ends (Stabler, et.al, 2009). The relaxation period occurs begins at the end of the contraction period until the muscle becomes free of tension (Stabler, et.al, 2009). To initiate a muscle contraction, the stimulus must reach its threshold. This is the minimal stimulus required to generate the action potential within a muscle cell causing the internal cellular environment to become positive (Stabler, et.al, 2009). In addition, the change in stimulus intensity can play a role in how strongly the muscle generates force when it contracts which is referred to as the active force (Stabler, et.al, 2009). As a stimulus is repeatedly applied to a muscle, fatigue will eventually occur. Fatigue can refer to a deficit in muscle functioning or a gradual decline in the force sustained by a muscle (Enoka and Duchateau, 2008). Other research has shown that fatigue could be the result of metabolic changes that occur within the contractile mechanisms within the muscle fibers such as changes in ion concentrations (Allen and Westerbland, 2001). If the latent period length is dependent upon the strength of the stimulus, increasing the electrical stimulus intensity should also increase the latent period, and since a threshold stimulus needs to be reached for a contraction to occur, then there will be a minimal amount of electrical stimulation required to generate a muscle contraction. In addition, if the active force strength is dependent upon the strength of the stimulus intensity, an increase in stimulus intensity should increase the active force. If muscle fatigue is occurring due to repeated stimuli over a period of time, then applying a stimulus at a constant rate should result in a decrease of sustainable force within the muscle. These experiments will be carried out using an electrical stimulus by passing a known amount of voltage through an isolated skeletal muscle attached to a metal holder that will transmit the data to a recorder and an oscilloscope screen for analyses (Stabler, et.al, 2009) Materials and Methods In order to understand muscle contraction physiology, I evaluated 4 different experiments. The first 3 experiments were designed to use a single stimulus to evaluate the latent period of a muscle contraction, to evaluate the threshold stimulus of a muscle contraction, and to evaluate the effects of increased stimulus intensity on a muscle contraction. The fourth experiment was designed to demonstrate the effects of muscle fatigue. The following materials were used for these experiments: an isolated skeletal muscle (75mm in length), a metal holder to measure force generated by the skeletal muscle, an oscilloscope, an electrical stimulator (single and multiple stimulus), and a data collection box. The first experiment was designed to determine the latent period of a muscle contraction. First, the muscle was attached to the metal holder. The electrode from the electrical stimulator was rested on the surface of the muscle. The electrical stimulator was set to 6.0 volts. A muscle contract ion was induced by applying a single electrical stimulus using the electrical stimulator. The data generated a tracing on the oscilloscope screen which was used to determine the latent period by selecting the point where the flat line began to rise. The data were recorded using the data collection box. I repeated this experiment using the following voltages: 1.0 volts, 3.0 volts, and 10.0 volts. These voltages were used to see if changes occurred within the latent periods. For the second experiment, the data generated was used to determine the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage occurred when the active force measured in grams was greater than 0. The equipment setup was the same as the last experiment, and the electrical stimulator was set to 0.0 volts. At 0.0 volts, the muscle was stimulated and the results observed and recorded using the oscilloscope and data recorder respectively. This experiment was repeated multiple times by increasing the voltage by 0.1 volts until the mi nimal threshold voltage was determined. For the third experiment, the effects on muscle contractions due to an increase in the electrical stimulus intensity were explored. Again the same equipment setup was used. The initial voltage was set to 0.5 volts followed by stimulation of the skeletal muscle. The data were observed and then recorded. This experiment was repeated multiple times by increasing each subsequent voltage by 0.5 volts. This continued until the data showed there was no change in the increase in active force. For the final experiment, fatigue was induced in the skeletal muscle. The equipment setup for this experiment was similar to the first three experiments. However, a different electrical stimulator was used which incorporated a multiple stimulus option as well as a single stimulus option. The multiple stimulus option added the ability to start and stop the stimulus activity. This experiment was designed so that several stimuli per second were being applied to the skeletal muscle if so desired. The electrical stimulator voltage was set to 7.0 volts, and the number of stimuli per second was set to 100. The muscle was then stimulated for approximately 400 seconds by selecting the multiple stimulus option, and the graphical data were recorded from the oscilloscope. Results For experiment one, the latent period was recorded in milliseconds and was compared to its corresponding stimulus voltage. The time measurement (latent period) reflected the start of the flat line until it began to rise. Below is a summary of the recorded data. Latent Period Determination Stimulus Voltage (V) Latent Period (msec) 1 3.89 3 2.78 10 2.22 For experiment two, the threshold stimulus determination data was collected by measuring the electrical stimulus voltage and its corresponding active force generated. Once the active force became greater than 0, the experiment was stopped. Below is a table with the collected data. Threshold Determination Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) 0 0 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.5 0 0.6 0 0.7 0 0.8 0.02 For experiment three, the data were collected in order to determine the effects of increased stimulus voltage on muscle contractions. The data reflected 0.5 volt interval increases in the electrical stimulus until 10 volts were reached. Below is the summary of the data. Muscle Contractions Increased Stimulus Effects Muscle Contractions Increased Stimulus Effects Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) Stimulus Voltage (V) Active Force Generated (gms) 0.5 0 5.5 1.59 1 0.15 6 1.65 1.5 0.43 6.5 1.7 2 0.66 7 1.74 2.5 0.87 7.5 1.78 3 1.04 8 1.81 3.5 1.19 8.5 1.82 4 1.32 9 1.82 4.5 1.42 9.5 1.82 5 1.51 10 1.82 For experiment four, data was graphed in order to demonstrate the effects of fatigue. The rate of the multiple stimulus was 100 stimuli/second at a constant setting of 7.0 volts. The data were recorded over a 400 second interval. Below is a graphical representation of the collected data. Muscle Fatigue Effects of Prolonged Stimuli Over Time (Stabler, et.al, 2009) C:Sheas StuffHuman PhysiologyFatigue.jpg Citations Allen, D.G. and H. Westerbland. (2001). Topical Review: Role of phosphate and calcium stores in muscle fatigue. Journal of Physiology 536.3: 657-665. Enoka, R. and J. Duchateau. (2008). Muscle Fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. Journal of Physiology 586.1: 11-23. Silverthorne, D.U. 2010. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach. 5th Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, pp. 408-422. Stabler, T., Smith, L., Peterson, G., and Lokuta, G. 2009. PhysioEx 8.0 for Human Physiology à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Laboratory Simulations in Physiology. pp. 17-22.