Ethics Nursing and Abortion - 1645 Words

Dupin, Jenifer June 8, 2013 Ethics/ Research Proposal The Ethics for Nurses in Abortion Procedures Working in the field of abortion isn’t an easy task furthermore participating in the abortion procedures. But the field of nursing you have to follow a code of ethics, a set of rules and regulation. Nurses have their personal opinions about abortion, but because they are health professionals and their opinions are sought as such, they are obligated to understand why they hold certain views. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they do, and they must arrive at a point of view in a rational and logical manner. To assist nurses in this task, the ethical issues surrounding abortion are enumerated and clarified. To better off†¦show more content†¦Despite being pro- life or prochoice they must follow the ethical guidelines not only to keep their jobs and also comfort the patient in every way as possible. Nurses need to be clear about why they believe as they do, and they must arrive at a point of view in a rational and logical manner. To assist nurses in this t ask, the ethical issues surrounding abortion are enumerated and clarified. To do this, some of the philosophic and historic approaches to abortion and how a position can be logically argued are examined. According to nursing connect.com, the nurses and social workers that were surveyed worked in a variety of settings including acute care facilities, ambulatory clinics and outpatient health centers. â€Å"We did find that about 40 percent are frustrated and 40 percent are fatigued. One out of three feels powerless and the same even said they were physically ill.† Many nurses believe that feeling conflicting in the decisions has took a toll on patients because attitudes justify a lot in decision making. In an article I read prior to doing my research a Nurses by the name of Ulrich quoted, â€Å"If one believes that they know the ethically correct course of action but are precluded from carrying that out, then patient care suffers in some way. Ulrich believes that communication and broader dialogue on the subject will help to limit moral distress and the negative impact it has onShow MoreRelatedEthics And Abortion : Abortion Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesEthics And Abortion According to the authors of a medical dictionary called; the free dictionary, online version, â€Å"abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable.† Viability for a fetus is usually greater than 500 grams, or prior to 20 weeks gestation as noted by those same authors. An abortion may be spontaneous, commonly referred to as a miscarriage, or induced which describes the deliberate interruption of a pregnancy. Those authors assert that it is the viabilityRead MoreMedical Ethics And Abortion : A Moral And Ethical Dilemma Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Ethics and Abortion Abortion is wrong because it is the murder of a human being. Abortion continues to be a moral and ethical dilemma for all those involved. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics states, â€Å"nurses have the ethical and moral obligation to promote and protect life.† Still, debates continue, opposing the belief of life against the principle of autonomy and a woman’s right to regulate her body. It is disputable that the right to have an abortion is a right to dominateRead MoreAbortion : Ethical And Moral1495 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion Introduction Is it ethical and moral to have an abortion? The definition of abortion is â€Å"deliberate removal or deliberate action to cause the expulsion of a fetus from the womb of a human female, at the request of or through the agency of the mother, so as in fact to result in the death of the fetus† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). What about the morality of un-coerced, human abortion for our purposes abortions are voluntary, deliberate removals of a human fetus (Objections to Warren, 2016)Read MoreThe Ethics Of Abortion And Abortion1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ethics of Abortion Abortion, which according to the Merriam Webster dictionary (n.d.) refers to any action that is taken to prematurely end the life of a growing fetus in its mother’s womb before it is born, is a very controversial topic in our society today. Every day, several women die as a result of lack of access to proper abortion facilities (Kaczor, 2013). It has been estimated that 2% of women within childbearing age i.e. ages 15 to 44 will have an abortion (Medoff, 2013) and the yearlyRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1471 Words   |  6 Pagesinjection, the main execution method of capital punishment, to ensure that the procedure is carried out in a safe, humane, cruelty, and pain-free manor. I feel that it does not conflict with medical ethics instead it re-enforces that medical staff will â€Å"do no harm† in all settings. Pros and Cons of Nursing Involvement in Capital Punishment There are many pros and cons that surround the issue of capital punishment in general, but I will focus on the issue involving the medical community and nurses.Read MoreAbortion1258 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion Ethical issues continue to weigh heavily in the way healthcare is delivered in the United States. Diversity makes the most sensitive issues settle in a grey area, rather than simply black or white. Many believe that abortion is ethically justified, when others believe it is morally wrong. The ethical differences in opinions will be explored in the following paragraphs, analyzing the issue from different perspectives. Yet the act of abortion appears to break the vows of non-maleficenceRead MoreCase Study on Nurse and Client Relationships708 Words   |  3 Pageshad an abortion in the past may give rise to a nurse’s curiosity and cause him or her to wonder if this client, unprepared for her current pregnancy, might consider obtaining a second abortion. According to Dr. Jean Watson’s caring theory, â€Å"The nurse must be self-aware of any judgmental feelings or feelings that could foster his or her crossing boundaries into intimacy† (Lachman, 2012). Unless the re was an associated medical indication or complication, the fact that the client had an abortion is irrelevantRead MoreThe Pro Life Movement Vs. Pro Choice Movement Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legislative Process and Healthcare Lobbying Nurses have a loud voice when it comes to influencing our lawmakers. According to The American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing (AAACN, n.d.) â€Å"1 in 44 women voters is a nurse and there are 10,000 nurses per congressional district.† Armed with both the education and experience in many healthcare issues facing legislation, nurses have the credibility to make a significant influence with health care policy (AAACN, n.d.). The controversial topic of aRead MoreLegislative Process And Healthcare Lobbying1681 Words   |  7 Pagesnew law is sent to the HHS; the Department of Health and Human Services where these executives will diligently work on â€Å"fine tuning† the law’s placement into effect (McWilliams, P., 2014). When a piece of health-care legislation directly involves nursing the HRSA; the Health Resources and Services Administration partners with the HHS in the attempt to establish the new law’s idiosyncrasies. Health-care Lobbying As nurses we have a voice in the fine print pertaining to a law that has a direct impactRead MoreA Research On Nursing Success1678 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Success Imagine that a year old little boy comes into the emergency room. He had been in a car accident and was losing a lot of blood. He needs a blood transfusion to help save his life. I know without it he is going to die. Once I talk to his family, I realize I am not going to be able to save him because, due to religious beliefs, he is unable to receive a blood transfusion. I now have to decide how to proceed. It is unethical to go against religious beliefs without consent, but I also

Abraham Moslow Essay - 1626 Words

Abraham Moslow The theorist I chose was Maslow, he was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to his parents, Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents, hoping for the best for their children in the New World, pushed him hard for academic success. He became the psychologist who many people consider the founder of a movement called humanistic psychology. The movement developed as a revolt against behaviorism and psychoanalysis, the two most popular psychological views of the mid- 1900’s. Humanistic psychologists believe individuals are controlled by their own values and choices and not by the environment, as behaviorists think, or by unconscious drives, as psychoanalyst believe. Maslow stressed†¦show more content†¦In our day to day life we exhibit these needs in our desires to marry, have a family be a part of a community, a member of church, brother part of a fraternity, a part of a gang or a bowling club. It is also a part of what we look for in a career. The esteem needs. Next we begin to look for a little self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even dominance. The higher form involves the need for self-respect, including such feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom. This is the â€Å"higher† form because, unlike the respect of others, once we have self-respect, it is a much harder to lose. The negative version of these needs is low self-esteem and weakness complexes. Maslow felt that Adler was onto something when he stated that these were at the roots of many, even of our psychological difficulties. In modern countries, many of us have what we need in regard to our physiological and safety needs. Sometimes we even have reasonable amount of love and sense of belonging. It is a respect that often seems hard to get! The next four levels Maslow calls deficit needs, or D-needs. If you do not have an adequate amount of something it would make it a deficit .We feelShow MoreRelated Socioeconomic Factors that Lure Individuals into Gangs608 Words   |  2 Pagesan underclass, and the enticement of what being a gang member offers the individual. The gang may offer the individual security, acceptance, and help just surviving. The basic needs an individual must fulfill was first addressed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1951. He proposed that a hierarchy of needs existed. This hierarchy of needs are five basic needs that have to be fulfilled. The first need is physiological. This is the basic survival needs such as shelter, food, and water. This need

Trapping Should Be Illegal

Trapping Should Be Illegal-Then And Now Essay Trapping is a very important issue, which is connected tomany other larger issues. For instance, trapping lies at theheart of the First Nations distinct society issue. Before I talkabout the present, however, I would like to discuss whethertrapping should have been illegal when Canada was first beingsettled in the 17th and 18th centuries. When the first explorers came to the new world, it wasregarded as a huge slab of worthless rock standing between Europeand the riches of the Orient. The only reason these explorerseven explored this continent was the hope of finding the North-West passage, a route to the Orient. Fortunately, while searchingfor this North-West passage, some of these explorers stumbledonto a virtual magnet for settlement: The Fur Trade. When peopleheard how pelts of all kinds could be obtained so easily and soldfor so much, the idea of not settling in the new world wasridiculous. Suddenly settlers came to this slab of worthlessrock and tried to set up permanent living there. Even after afew failed attempts the draw of the fur trade was responsible forthe settlement we call New France. After the first steps toward a permanent colony in the newworld were made, the next steps came in leaps and bounds. TheFrench government was sending everyone they could to settle inNew France. Courieurs de Bois, began coming to the colony to trapfurs and sell them back in France. France granted land to poorpeople that were willing to risk the great voyage. The colonyflourished, and grew. It was the fur trade that was mostly responsible for thiscolony. However, some think that by this point the colony waslarge enough to illegalize fur trapping and still remain aprofitable colony for France. However, there is one major reasonthat fur trading should have been allowed: Relations with theIndians. Relations with the Indians were shaky, at best. Some Indiansbefriended the French, and some befriended the English. Some justgave their furs to the highest bidder. The relationship with theIndians was more than just a trade agreement. The wars of theIndians were the wars of the French. Now, imagine what wouldhappen if one day, an Indian came to a Frenchman and offered hima pelt. The Frenchman tells the Indian that not only will he notbuy it, but no Frenchman in New France will. Not only that,trapping furs in the forests belonging to the French was notallowed. The relationships with the Indians which had taken solong to establish would be shattered in days. The Indians wouldprobably recognize the French as their enemies. Now not only theenemies of the Indian friends of the French would attack them,but also their friends. Settlers would again become afraid tocome to New France because of the fierce Indian attacks. TheFrench colony in New France would cease to exist. Therefore, Ithink t rapping should have been legal then. Now that I havetalked about fur trapping then, Ill talk about it now. Unfortunately, it is much more complicated now. Animal rightsactivists have told us that it is wrong to kill an animal for itsfur. I strongly agree with this opinion, especially since man-made fur is so accessible. Unfortunately, there are people whofeel they deserve real fur if they can pay for it. Although Idisagree with them, you cannot just deny them the fur, becauseone way or another they will arrange to get it. Even so, trapping(for fur) should be illegal. If you want real fur, you should notkill wild animals. You should go to a farm where animals areraised for their fur. .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .postImageUrl , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:hover , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:visited , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:active { border:0!important; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:active , .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860 .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24d22edf0b21f80b5fd4c382c2de9860:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hairball EssayThe problem of people wanting real fur is small compared toother problems for and against the fur trade. For instance, if weillegalize trapping, the First Nations way of life would betotally disrupted. Not letting the First Nation trap is liketaking away a large profession from us, for instance law. Whatwould all the lawyers do if suddenly practising law was illegal?The First Nations, I believe, should be allowed to continuetrapping as long as it is under limits. However, I believe that,after all, their ancestors had such a successful relationshipwith the land that trapping within limits should not be aproblem. Another problem that would arise if trapping isi llegalized is that it is said that too many predators (wolves,etc.) would roam the forests and be dangerous to farms withlivestock on them. It is said that trapping keeps the populationsof these predators low, so they will not pose as much of a threatto farms. In conclusion, I feel that trapping today should be legalwithin strict limits that allow for the way of life of the nativepeoples and for the balance of nature, but do not permitgratuitous killing of animals.

The ways in which the two authors create feelings of suspense and tension in their stories Essay Example For Students

The ways in which the two authors create feelings of suspense and tension in their stories Essay Charles Dickens and H. G. Wells have both written ghost stories in which they are able to create feelings of suspense and tension by using different techniques of writing. Setting the scene, imagery, characterisation and they also have decided to use a developed or undeveloped narrative voice. But beneath the original perception, they are very similar. Charles Dickens wrote The Signalman which is based on a real life drama, even though we are not told so in the story. He relates back to a year before the story was published and so it isnt a coincidence that he wrote a piece about a train crash. The Signalman was published as part of a collection called Mugsby junction in 1866 (when Queen Victoria came to the throne). This story is different from The Red Room written by H. G. Wells as The Signalman is an overall ambiguous story where as the The Red Room is not ambiguous as in this piece you know what is happening and when it is happening and in The Signalman it is not always clear. These short stories contrast with each other in many different ways. We will write a custom essay on The ways in which the two authors create feelings of suspense and tension in their stories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They both use different techniques to set the scene On either side, a dripping-wet wall of jagged stone, excluding all view but a strip of sky; the perspective one way only a crooked prolongation of this great dungeon; the shorter perspective in the other direction terminating in a gloomy red light, and the gloomier entrance to a black tunnel, in whose massive architecture there was a barbarous, depressing, and forbidding air. This quote is of a typical gothic ghost story and is taken from The Signalman and it gives an eerie feel to the story as it takes the tension to another level. The language that has been used from the start, includes some spine tingling adjectives that change a normal tunnel into a mysterious almost paranormal dungeon. The railroad is referred to the great dungeon as it has jagged walls confining him to a small space. The narrators sight is also restricted to one diminutive strip of sky. This builds up tension for the narrator since being surrounded by large stoned walls, in an new-found area that is unknown to him, where one of his senses are confiscated gives a claustrophobic atmosphere. Dickens uses the word gloomy in a repetitive manor and this builds up suspense for the reader, as it is a feeling of despair and loss of hope. But in The red room H. G. Wells uses narrative dialogue to set the scene. I can assure you, said I it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me As Wells engages you straight in to the story, you get to know the narrator as very arrogant, but as you read on his arrogance progressively declines to loss of control, as his state of mind changes. Like The Signalman this is set in a gothic-Victorian period, this produces tension in the reader as the building in which the story was set is a dilapidated and derelict house. This makes you unsure about it, as you are unsure about the personal history of the structure itself. So the reader may want to read on to see what happens to the narrator in the house. Together the authors use imagery to set the scene, as the better a picture of suspense and tension created, there is more chance of producing a more successful ghost story. In The Signalman Dickens has created a mix of setting the scene and imagery to construct claustrophobic tension: Was it necessary for him when he was on duty always to remain in that channel of damp air, and could he never rise into the sunshine from between those high stone walls? For me the reader, this image sets up suspense by including a rhetorical question at the end. This is a good use of language as you the reader can come to your own right decision. Again Dickens uses adjectives to give depth to the story. .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .postImageUrl , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:visited , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:active { border:0!important; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:active , .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98 .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4c3d96824fe4c241a0e9c61e8d66e98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Strong emotions and ideas EssayIn this quote the narrator seems confused to why the signalman himself chooses to remain in the channel of damp air and he is unable to come to a logical answer so reverses the question could he never rise into the sunshine This builds up readers suspense as the passage drops a hint of suspicion to whether the signalman is a paranormal spirit and not a living human. Wells uses a different approach to imagery as he uses similes to create tension: thrust the candle between the bars darkness closed upon me like the shutting of an eye, wrapped about me in a stifling embrace, sealed my vision and crushed the last vestiges of my brain. Before the narrators judgement was based on a reason rather than an emotion and his answer was vacillating from rational to irrational fear. But as you can tell in this quote, his emotion has now influenced his ability to think straight. I am able to tell from this quote that the narrators state of mind was unstable and was there a spirit present? And so he says the last vestiges of my brain which means that the experience seized the smallest and last quantity of realistic thought he had. So he has got over the fact that what is happening isnt a coincidence or a figment of his imagination it is real. The difference between these two stories is that The Red room influences your decision to choose whether it is authentic or not. In The Signalman you dont get to know the narrator as well as you do in The Red room and so the narrator is almost secretive about what he does and Dickens has done this to produce suspense for the reader. When there is a personal connection between the reader and the narrator a relationship is built between them. And when you know about them it helps to engage yourself in to the story as there isnt as much secrecy between the two individuals, fictional or non-fictional, but throughout The Red room you are building a bond between you and the narrator and so this isnt as successful at building suspense but there is more tension being built because you are anxious about what is going to happen to him. In The Red room you create a connection with the characters as you are told about them but in The Signalman it is all very secretive and there are only two main characters for you to form a relationship with. But in The Red room there is a range of people for you to be acquainted with. Sometimes this can be useful but other times it may become hard for the reader to maintain a link with all of the characters. Wells has characterized the individuals effectively as he has got their moods in realistic form (you can see things like it happening in real life dilemmas). But in The Signalman Dickens hasnt chosen to add a personality to the signalman himself. This is effective as a ghost story because there is a lot of ambiguity about him and because he is an undeveloped character this makes you feel uneasy when you are reading about him as you dont know what to expect from him or what he is going to do next. Overall I think that The Red room is the more successful ghost story simply because of the fact that Wells has described the characters in more depth and generally speaking his story was the more intimidating piece of writing. Although Dickens had based his story on a realistic drama, I think he didnt have as much of the chilling dialogue as had The Red room.

Live together before the arrmage essays

Live together before the arrmage essays How many times have you heard that "Well, I think we should just live together first to see if we are compatible, and then we can get married." How many times have you saw the sight that the bride walked down the aisle who was already living together with her boyfriend. Nowadays, unmarried couples living together have increased dramatically over the past few decades. The rationale is simple: "By living together before marriage, we'll know how compatible we are. We'll find out the truth about a partner. We'll have greater opportunities to observe a partner's daily habits and routines and to see him/her in the cold light of morning. You wouldn't buy a pair of shoes without trying them on first, would you? You would be testing the car before you buy it, wouldn't you?" However, this is presumptuous, naive, and wishful thinking. There is often one person in the relationship who doesn't think in terms of a permanent, lifelong relationship. Thus, cohabitation often lacks a common purpose and has less benefit because it is not romantic. There are no lasting responsibilities. And it results in a rate of higher divorce. First of all, cohabitation is not romantic and may kill true love. Those who live together are likely to have a fleeting romance rather than a lasting relationship. A romance is not the same as having an ongoing relationship. Relationships take time and work to develop and maintain; romance is a positive feeling toward another person. Romance without a relationship is a brief encounter at best. Romance, in today's disposable society, is hastily devised and easily discarded at the first sign of conflict or disillusionment. There is no lasting commitment when times get tough. Good relationships are built upon knowing and enjoying each other on social, recreational, spiritual, intellectual, and communicative levels, not only the sexual level. However, premarital sex may fool someone into marrying a person who may not be rig...

College Party Themes and Ideas

College Party Themes and Ideas Your club, organization, Greek house, or group of friends is going to throw a campus party. The best way to make sure your party isnt a total dud is to have a theme that ties everything- from the advertising to the decorations- together. Check out these college party themes for some ideas that will stand out and attract a crowd. Classic Toga Party The toga theme is a perennial campus favorite, and unless theres another toga party traditionally held on your campus, its a no-brainer. The costumes and decorations are easy to make, its inclusive, and the environment is easy to put together on the fly.   A Current or Classic Movie Is there a must-see movie out right now? Is everyone quoting lines or characters from it? If so, dont be afraid to jump on the hype and use it for your own party. If people are excited about a hot new movie, theyll be interested in attending your bash. Likewise, classic films can make for great party themes. Quentin Tarantino or James Bond movies, Breakfast at Tiffanys, and Austin Powers are just a few ideas for movie-themed parties that call for awesome costumes.   A Current or Classic TV Show Is there a new sitcom, drama, or reality show thats getting a lot of buzz? If so, think like a network executive and figure out how to use the shows popularity for your own benefit. Encourage people to dress up as characters and include decorations that match the sets or themes from the show. Keep in mind that current and trendy can mean a show that everyone loves to hate too. Hello, Kardashians!   Choose a Decade Seriously, who doesnt love seeing their friends in flapper dresses from the 20s or in the bold, mod outfits of the 60s? Going with a decade-themed party ensures that everyone coming will know what to wear. (Besides, who doesnt also love running to the local thrift store to see what treasures are in stock?) Fundraising Party Make fundraising the goal.  You can turn your party into a fundraiser for a nonprofit or other organization you hold near and dear. Often, you can even use that organizations mission (e.g., preserving the environment) into a theme that works for your party (e.g., nature decorations). Added bonus: Everyone feels good about donating, so the $1 or more you ask everyone for at the door turns into both a fundraiser and a way to boost the spirits of your guests- and theres no better way to guarantee a killer party than a room full of people in a good mood!   Host a Masquerade This is a classic theme for good reason; nearly everyone likes a good masquerade party. Guests can get dressed up without having to go too crazy with outfits, and you can easily buy a ton of masquerade masks at a 99-cent store or a party supplies store. Add some shiny decorations, a few balloons, and feathers, and youve got yourself a party. Go Formal After seeing your friends and classmates in shorts, jeans, and even pajamas all year, mix it up by throwing a formal party. You never know  how the cutie from your Shakespeare class might look in a suit or tuxedo. A formal party allows everyone on campus to get dressed up without feeling ridiculous for doing so. Head Underwater Turning your house (or another party venue) into a deep-sea world can do wonders for sparking a sense of excitement throughout the night. Low lights, some cool decorations (especially hanging from the ceiling), and low music can all contribute to a funky theme. Add a yellow submarine somewhere, and youre good to go! Head to Outer Space Just like heading underwater, heading to outer space can be a simple and straightforward theme for your college party. You can get as wild as you want without seeming too ridiculous. Include lots of glow-in-the-dark decorations, too! Look Into the Future Grab some friends who have strong imaginations (or who are into science fiction) and see all the things you can dream up for a fun, futuristic party. Added tip: Have a fortune-teller on hand reading the futures of those in attendance too. Look to the Prehistoric Past You dont have to be  a paleontologist  to know that dinosaurs were incredibly cool. Fortunately, they can also help make your party one to remember. Keep an eye out for decorations and other items that can be used for a kid party. Mix them up enough so that they suit your adult guests too.   Think Western Sure, the Old West was a rough-and-tumble place and time. But that doesnt have to mean that your party cant take the best of what it had to offer. Fun hats, decorations, music, boots, outfits, and food can all work together to ensure your Western party is one everyone will be talking about Monday morning. Choose a Color as a Theme Go crazy with one specific color: invites, promos, decorations, foods, and costumes. Using various shades of one color can make your hue-themed party a little more visually exciting while also offering a way to transform your house into a place nearly no one will recognize. Encourage attendees to come dressed in the color, too. Go Grayscale It doesnt have to be formal or New Years Eve for you to go with a black-and-white themed college party. This theme is particularly flexible, too, because it will look classy no matter how fancy (or not fancy!) you make it. Let people know, too, that they should come wearing only black and white for an added effect. Historical Figures Have everyone come as famous people from history. How fun would it be to schmooze with George Washington one moment and share a drink with  Joan of Arc  the next, stopping to talk to Socrates along the way? Pick a Classic Board Game or Video Game You may have thought that games like Monopoly, Scrabble, or Sorry were tucked away in your past, but with a little creative planning, they can be turned into party themes. Most of these classic games hold a sense of nostalgia, which is always a huge draw.  The same could be said for World of Warcraft or even classic games like Zelda or Super Mario Brothers; each can bring out the best of everyone in attendance. Angel or Devil Angel or devil parties are super easy to throw because your attendees pretty much bring the main decorations through their costumes. Tell guests to come dressed as either an angel or a devil; all you have to do is use black, white, and red decorations around your party location to tie everything together. Go With an Animal Theme You might be surprised at how creative people can be if theyre coming for an animal-themed party. People can choose the simple whiskers-drawn-on-the-face or go all-out in a mascot costume. As the party host, you just need to coordinate a bit by providing things to help everything seem cohesive: zoo advertising? animal prints? Please Dont Feed the Animals signs? Choose Your Own Music Figure This theme provides endless ideas because there are so many musicians to choose from (Beethoven? Bowie? Britney Spears?  Michael Jackson?). Additionally, creating a playlist to play during the party is easy-cheesy. With a little searching online, you should be able to find enough images of famous musicians to create some promos and decorations, too.

Trends in Society and Cultrure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trends in Society and Cultrure - Essay Example This essay stresses that business entities should seek to be morally responsible in their effort to get their profit. If a company is not held responsible of its action, there will be a lot of destruction to the universe, in general. As the paper discusses businesses that wish to go green make this with long- term objectives in mind. This eventually leads to a greater productivity in the work place, though not seen directly. When a company goes green, the business area becomes a healthier environment. A healthy work environment leads to strong employees, and hence greater output; it has a domino effect, which leads to many advantages such as less health care costs for both employees and employers. Other advantages include education to those working there. This will go a long way in saving the universe. The commercial system is controlled by statute in the use of resources. There is a lot of distortion in the business community as to going green. This has led to a massive ecological debt as well as natural disasters frequency. Businesses can do a lot to improve and be eco- efficient. This will continue through integrating eco-efficiency in their strategies. The difference ecologically sustainable companies’ experience is that they use natural resources slower and below the average production policy. They do not cause emissions that accumulate in the environment at the rate beyond the capacity of the natural order to absorb and integrate these emissions. They should not participate in any activity that would also deteriorate the eco-system services (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002, p.72). Ecological sustainability analysis is based on the realizations that on a finite planet the depreciation of natural capital. It is noted that the willingness of the managers will in turn encourage employees to undertake environmental initiatives. Stated, environmental policies may not encompass much of a direct impact on employees’ willingness to eco-innovate (Lovins, 2002, 146). There are many benefits to going

Desire and Crime of Young People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Desire and Crime of Young People - Essay Example Passive goodness and dynamic evil are choices that in themselves may or may not be adequate or objectionable, but that in terms of the novel are neither. (Burgess, pp 41-49) While strain theory offered to motivate research, it commonly formed frail consequences. Strain in much of this work was considered as the inconsistency between professional or instructive ambitions and prospect for success in these fields. The conclusion from this research commonly demonstrated that criminal behavior was most probable when both desires and prospects were low results which leaned to suggest support reliable with control theory. Research using substitute procedures of strain, such as professed blocked possibilities or the disjunction between financial desires and instructive means were more helpful of the viewpoint; however results were destabilized when opposing theories were integrated into the study on desire and crime of young people. Utilized as procedures of an entrance to triumph through legal means, or the attainment of victory, these varied results provided additional proof to send away the typical strain perception. A strain is not only the result of the failure ... He conflicted that the democratic ideology and "American Dream," often escorted persons to assess themselves with an orientation to those higher in the stratification system parting those inferior in the stratification system feeling comparatively disadvantaged and more at peril for criminal activities. Comparative dispossession is said to lead to both useful and non-utilitarian crimes. While people might engage in wealth crimes to get money in an effort to reduce these approaches, comparative dispossession is also considered to be connected to aggression because people are angered by their failure to share in the pronounced wealth that seductively surrounds them but remains beyond reach.  

Geographic coordinate system, Essay Example for Free

Geographic coordinate system, Essay Sextant- allowed users to determine their latitude to within a sea mile or two The gnomon or sun-shadow disk- operated like a sundial, enabling the user to determine his latitude by the length of the suns shadow cast on a disk floating level in water. The Arabian kamal- a rectangular plate that one moved closer or farther from ones face until the distance between the North star and the horizon exactly corresponded to the plates upper and lower edges. The distance the plate lay away from the face—measured by a string tied to the center of the plate and held at the other end to the tip of the nose—determined the latitude. cross staff Tools used to measure longitude (Lesson 02.01) (use the first resource in this lesson to help you) Be able to list and describe the 2 main tools used to measure longitude in early navigation the chronometer- the sextant to figure longitude using the lunar-distance method Current Navigation Tools (Lesson 02.01) What tool do we currently use to determine location (latitude and longitude)? The Global Positioning System, Longitude and Latitude (Lesson 02.01) Know the ways that longitude and latitude run (N to S or E to W) and what they measure Longitude E to W know how far east or west they were of the Prime Meridian Latidude N to S how far north or south they were from the equator What are longitude and latitude measured in? they measure in degrees Challenger Expedition (Lesson 02.02)—Best resource link to use = â€Å"Account of the Voyage of the Challenger† Besides conducting sampling of the waters on its journey, what were the main findings from the Challenger voyage? found many new species, and provided collections for scores of biologists. What tool was used to do measure the depths of the ocean? The Challenger was equipped with 144 miles of sounding rope What are the 2 pieces of equipment used to collect bottom samples on the Challenger? At left is a shallow-water dredge, whereas a deep-sea trawl is shown at right. What was a newly invented piece of equipment used on the Challenger ship to get water samples called? Buchanan Water Sampler In which zone of the rocky shore would you most likely find only grasses and patches of lichens? splash zone What type of animal uses the rocky shore for their ‘feeding’ grounds? white-tailed deer in the winter What is the name of a plant-like species found in rocky shores? seaweed What is the special adaptation of these organisms found in the rocky shore ecosystem?—to do this, match up the following (Match the organism with its adaptation) Cky shore and tidal pools—what kinds of adaptations do they have that enable them to survive the pounding waves while staying in place, tidal changes (periods of time covered with water or periods of time with no water), sunlight exposure, evaporation of water that may leave concentrated salts behind, blending in to avoid predators What are the physical changes that occur in the rocky shore (3 main ones—think tides, salt content, and wave action)? Rock pools flat area of rock, back part forms a cliff where the front part is flat and in the water, formed by waves, wind, and rain Platform sloping shoreline where group of large rocks found on calm shorelines Boulder fields?depression left from a boulder grinding into a rock that hold water Crustaceans (Lessons 02.05 and 02.04) What 3 special adaptations do crustaceans have that allow them to survive in the rocky shore ecosystem? What characteristics do all crustaceans share (need to be specific) What is the best characteristic to help you identify a crustacean? What are the 3 main example types of crustaceans? Referenses: Baker, K. B., and S. Wing. A new magnetic coordinate system for conjugate studies at high latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 94.A7 (1989): 9139-9143. Dabek, Frank, et al. Vivaldi: A decentralized network coordinate system. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. Vol. 34. No. 4. ACM, 2004. Gustafsson, G., N. E. Papitashvili, and V. O. Papitashvili. A revised corrected geomagnetic coordinate system for Epochs 1985 and 1990. Journal of atmospheric and terrestrial physics 54.11-12 (1992): 1609-1631. Priyantha, Nissanka B., et al. Anchor-free distributed localization in sensor networks. Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems. ACM, 2003. Goodchild, Michael F. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal 69.4 (2007): 211-221.

Choosing The Sex Of a Baby Essay -- Science Ethics Genetics Engineerin

Choosing The Sex Of a Baby With new technologies available everyday, it seems almost as if we can customize our children. Reproduction is no longer an outcome of random and inherited genes, but now it’s a process of creating the child that we want to have. Fertility clinics are in debate as to whether or not it is ethical to be able to determine the sex of our children. Some view this as a valid option, while others see it as another step down the road to designer babies. But how far is too far? That is a question that we can only answer for ourselves. While this article remains unbiased, we are able to form our own opinion after seeing the pros and cons of both sides. Virginia Blackburn is in support of the choice to choose. She claims that this is an acceptable action and that â€Å"if there’s no discarding of fetuses that have already been created or risk of harm to the baby, the only real question is: why on earth should anybody try to stop them?† (1). Another argument that supports this choice is the fact that sometimes choosing the sex of the baby can lead to prevention of certain genetic diseases. Since hemophilia occurs mostly in males, parents might be a bit concerned about having children. So, if they had a boy, and decided to resort to abortion, we can see how choosing the sex of the baby would prevent choices of abortion and the potential of genetic disease. It kills two birds with one stone. In addition, there are some parents who covet the idea of having a boy or girl. Some just prefer a certain gender. Results of parents trying for a certain gender end up with them having huge families. There is also the low self esteem and frustration of not being able to conceive the sought after gender. Imagine being th... ...be taking the needed steps toward avoiding and curing certain diseases. But when we go through challenges like that, it makes us better. We become better people, and there is justification for why things like that happen. I feel that it’s truly best to just stay out of it. In the Bible, David the psalmist says in Psalm 139: 13-16, â€Å"For you created me in my inmost being, you kit me together in my mother’s womb. I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well. My frame was not hidden from you when I was made in the secret place. When I was woven together in the depths of the earth, your eyes say my unformed body. All the days ordained for me were written in your book before one of them came to be.† God’s character goes into every person that he creates and there is no reason for us to be dissatisfied with that.

Tfeminist Approach on Jane Eyre

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING â€Å"Behind every book is a man; behind the man is a race; and behind the race are the natural and social environments whose influence is unconsciously reflected†, this we must know, if the book is to speak its whole message. In simple word, we have now reached at the point where we wish to understand and enjoy literature, and the first step toward it is to know its essential qualities as exact definition is impossible. † -Author Unknown Introduction When we begin the study of literature, we find it has always two aspects, one of the simple enjoyment and appreciation and the other of analysis and exact description. Usually it happens when we go through literature in our classroom either by ourselves or by our teachers one thing matters very much and that is the importance of literature for students? Until our concept is not clear we can never understand what literature is? We need time and understanding to nurture our spirits. In broader sense, perhaps literature means simply written records of the race, including all its history and sciences, as well as its poems and novels, and in narrower sense literature is the artistic record of life and most of our writing excluded from it. A history or a science may be a literature sometimes but only when we forget the subject matter and the presentation of facts in the simple beauty of its expression. So some such experience as this awaits us when we begin the study of literature with its two aspects of simple enjoyment and appreciation and the other if analysis and exact description. Like when a song appeals to the ear or a noble book to the heart we discover a new world for the moment, at least, a completely new world which is very different from our own world and it sees that we are in a place of dreams and magic. Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become. † – C. S Lewis, a British scholar and novelist. As stated in the quotation by C. S. Lewis, literature not only describes reality but also adds to it. Yes, literature is not merely a depiction of reality; it is rather a value-addition. Literary works are portrayals of the thinking patterns and social norms prevalent in society. They are a depiction of the different facets of common man's life. Classical literary works serve as a food for thought and a tonic for imagination and creativity. Exposing an individual to good literary works, is equivalent to providing him/her with the finest of educational opportunities. On the other hand, the lack of exposure to classic literary works is equal to depriving an individual from an opportunity to grow as an individual. â€Å"Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips and drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain and little, I am soulless and heartless? you think wrong! I have as much soul as you? and full as much heart! It is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if we had both passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal? as we are! † -Charlotte Bronte The above passage is an excerpt from the novel ‘Jane Eyre’. Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism. Feminists disagree about what sexism consists in, and what exactly ought to be done about it; they disagree about what it means to be a woman or a man and what social and political implications gender has or should have. Nonetheless, motivated by the quest for social justice, feminist inquiry provides a wide range of perspectives on social, cultural, and political phenomena. Important topics for feminist theory and politics include: the body, class and work, disability, the family, globalization, human rights, popular culture, race and racism, reproduction, science, the self, sex work, and sexuality. Some forms of feminist theory question basic assumptions about gender, gender difference, and sexuality, including the category of â€Å"woman† itself as a holistic concept, further some are interested in questioning the male/female binary completely (offering instead a multiplicity of genders). Other forms of feminist theory take for granted the concept of â€Å"woman† and provide specific analyzes and critiques of gender inequality, and most feminist social movements promote women's rights, interests, and issues. Feminism is not a single ideology. Over-time several sub-types of feminist ideology have developed. Early feminists and primary feminist movements are often called the first-wave feminists, and feminists after about 1960 the second-wave feminists. More recently, a new generation of feminists have started third-wave feminism. Whether this will be a lasting evolution remains to be seen as the second-wave has by no means ended nor has it ceded to the third-wave feminists. Moreover, some commentators have asserted that the silent majority of modern feminists have more in common ideologically with the first-wave feminists than the second-wave. For example, many of the ideas arising from Radical feminism and Gender feminism (prominent second-wave movements) have yet to gain traction within the broader community and outside of Gender Studies departments within the academy. For example, Radical feminism argues that there exists an oppressive patriarchy that is the root cause of the most serious social problems. Violence and oppression of women, because they are women, is more fundamental than oppressions related to class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Radical feminists have been very vocal and active in influencing attitudes and state-wide school curriculum standards. Thus, it is not unusual for feminism to be equated with the ideas proposed by Radical feminism. Some find that the prioritization of oppression and the universalization of the idea of â€Å"Woman,† which was part of traditional Radical feminist thinking, too generic, and that woman in other countries would never experience the same experience of being â€Å"woman† than women in Western countries did. Some radical feminists advocate separatism—a complete separation of male and female in society and culture—while others question not only the relationship between men and women, but the very meaning of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman† as well. Some argue that gender roles, gender identity, and sexuality are themselves social constructs Other feminists believe that there may be social problems separate from or prior to patriarchy; they see feminism as one movement of liberation among many, each affecting the others. In this section, we will explore some of the main schools of feminist thought. In addition, feminist literary theory is a complex, dynamic area of study that draws from a wide range of critical theories, including psychoanalysis, Marxism, cultural materialism, anthropology, and structuralism. Feminism brings many things to philosophy including not only a variety of particular moral and political claims, but ways of asking and answering questions, constructive and critical dialogue with mainstream philosophical views and methods, and new topics of inquiry. Feminist philosophers work within all the major traditions of philosophical scholarship including analytic philosophy, American Pragmatist philosophy, and Continential philosophy. Entries in the Encyclopedia appearing under the heading â€Å"feminism, approaches† discuss the impact of these traditions on feminist scholarship and examine the possibility and desirability of work that makes links between two traditions. Feminist contributions to and interventions in mainstream philosophical debates are covered in entries in this encyclopedia under â€Å"feminism, interventions†. Entries covered under the rubric â€Å"feminism, topics† concern philosophical issues that arise as feminists articulate accounts of sexism, critique sexist social and cultural practices, and develop alternative visions of a just world. In short, they are philosophical topics that arise within feminism. Although there are many different and sometimes conflicting approaches to feminist philosophy, it is instructive to begin by asking what, if anything, feminists as a group are committed to. Considering some of the controversies over what feminism is provides a springboard for seeing how feminist commitments generate a host of philosophical topics, especially as those commitments confront the world as we know it. The term ‘feminism’ has many different uses and its meanings are often contested. For example, some writers use the term ‘feminism’ to refer to a historically specific political movement in the US and Europe; other writers use it to refer to the belief that there are injustices against women, though there is no consensus on the exact list of these injustices. Although the term â€Å"feminism† has a history in English linked with women's activism from the late 19th century to the present, it is useful to distinguish feminist ideas or beliefs from feminist political movements, for even in periods where there has been no significant political activism around women's subordination, individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women. So, for example, it makes sense to ask whether Plato was a feminist, given his view that women should be trained to rule (Republic, Book V), even though he was an exception in his historical context. Although feminist literary theory is often described simply as the use of feminist principles and techniques to analyze the textual constructions of gendered meaning, feminists' definitions of gender and of feminism have undergone a number of significant alterations since the early 1970s. By adopting already existing feminist insights and applying them in new ways, literary theorists transform them, thus creating an increasingly diversified field of study. The researchers prefer to conduct this study because of their personal choice and interest. They selected this kind of tudy due to the fact that it seems to prove of real value to them. Definitely this subject of study is the thing that they always wanted to learn more about. Since the researchers are all feminine this chosen study allows them to find out why most of the women have played a subordinate role to men in human societies. Also, to discover how women’s lives have change throughout history and to understand why wom en’s experience is different from men’s. Conceptual and Theorethical Framework It is through reading such great literary and poetic works, that one understands life. They help a person take a closer look at the different facets of life. In many ways, it can change one's perspective towards life. Lives of brilliant achievers and individuals who have made a valuable contribution to society, are sketched in their biographies. These works give the readers an insight into the lives of these eminent people, while also serving as a bible of ideals. True, languages are the building blocks of literature. But the study of literature cannot be restricted to only studying languages. In fact, literature cannot be confined to an educational curriculum. A degree in language and literature is perhaps unable to provide one, with everything that literature can offer. Literature, is definitely, much more than its literary meaning, which defines it as ‘an acquaintance to letters'. It, in fact, lays the foundation of an enriched life; it adds ‘life' to ‘living'. According to Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Mary Wollstonecraft’s ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)’ â€Å"presents the first fully elaborated feminist criticism of misogynist images of women in literature, as well as the fist sustain agument for female political, economic and legal equality. Wollstonecraft’s critique of the disparity between the types of obedience to God expected on Adam and Eve in John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost† is a prime example of this. She says, â€Å"Men appear to me to act in a very unphilosophical manner when they try to secue thr good conduct of women by attempting to keep them always in a state of childhood,†an observation that she uses to support her claim that men are not, as was the prevailing notion during her era, inherently more reasonable? and therefore better suited to philosophy and the creation of art? than women. In A Room of One’s Own [Shakespeare’s Sister] (1929), Virginia Woolf highlights the gap between the broad range of women depicted in English literature â€Å"from about 1470† to the renaissance ( 1377 ) and the lack of women creating English literature. She says, â€Å"if women has no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as man; some think even better. But this is woman in fiction† (1378). Woolf explain that this is because although â€Å"some of the most profound thoughts in literature fall from her lips; in real life she could hardly read, could scarcely spell, and was the property of her husband†(1379). She then constructs a fictional sister, Judith, for William Shakespeare and speculates on the ways in which the Bard’s equally talented sister might come to an unfortunate end (1380-1381) in order to illustrate that the absence of women writers in the literary canon is symptomatic of a lack of opportunities and education for women, not a lack of talent in women. These two issues- misogynist representations of women in literature and the obstacle faced by female authors (which lead to the recovery of texts by female authors )? have continued to be important touchstones of feminist literary theory and criticism. Feminist studies as an academic field arose from the second? wave feminist movement in the 1960, and often came into conflict with New Criticism, which was the period’s primary mode of literary analysis (Messer-Davidow 304). Social phenomena Images of Women Education Culture and Beliefs The Roles and Images of Women in the Society Research Paradigm Figure 1. Statement of the Problem This study focused on the roles and images of women in the society as presented in the novel â€Å"Jane Eyre†. It sought to answer the following problems: 1. How did the following factors contribute in shaping the image of the female character in the story: a. Social phenomena b. Culture and beliefs c. Education 2. What traits of the female character are depicted in the story? 3. How does this traits affected the other characters in the story? 4. What is the implications of the roles of the characters to the following factors: a. Family b. Modern women c. Racism Research Methodology The researcher use the descriptive method of research, which describes and interprets what is. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that prevail; beliefs, processes that are going on; effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. According to Leedy, this is a method that simply looks with intense accuracy the phenomena of the moment and describes precisely what the researcher sees. The researcher apply the descriptive method of research particularly in literary criticism, which deals with different dimensions of literature as a collection of texts through which authors evoke more or less fictitious worlds for the imagination of readers. The researcher make use of the descriptive research in literary criticism along with the feminism approach, is an approach about ideas or beliefs from feminist point of view and women's subordination, individuals have been concerned with and theorized about justice for women. Significance of the Study Literature not only pleases us but instructs us also. The authors who attain to the eminence of the classics are those who exercise their imagination on the serious problems of life and explain or elucidate them through fiction. Such are the problem of the good and evil in life, love, duty, beauty, truth, etc. the reader too in the course in his life comes to grips with one or the other of these problems. She is baffled and perhaps would give up but for the guidance from the classics. They give her not a tangible solution but the heroic temper that enables her to pass through the ordeal and survive brutal shocks. Our tragedies show us how to preserve the emotional balance which is the sign of a healthy woman. In this respect biographies and authobiograpies are most useful. If we fail to find a kindred soul in actual life we can find any number of them amongst the dead. Literatures thus widen our contact and we enjoy life more abundantly. Literature provides a common platform for discussion and exchange of thoughts and social or political reforms through exposition those writings with the purpose have played their part in the eradication of a number of ills to which we are heirs. Literature does not openly preach like the man in the pulpit. Literature elevates our minds, and ennobles our character. It is a criticism of life and its high seriousness servers to mould our minds. From the pettiness of life we pass over to the natural beauties or the domain of fundamental emotions mirrored in the lyrics, the pure and spontaneous forms of literature. Our goal here is not to survey the history of feminism — as a set of ideas or as a series of political movements — but rather is to sketch some of the central uses of the term that are most relevant to those interested in contemporary feminist philosophy. The references we provide below are only a small sample of the work available on the topics in question; more complete bibliographies are available at the specific topical entries and also at the end of this entry. Very broadly, then, one might characterize the goal of feminism to be ending the oppression of women. But if we also acknowledge that women are oppressed not just by sexism, but in many ways, e. g. , by classism, homophobia, racism, ageism, ableism, etc. , then it might seem that the goal of feminism is to end all oppression that affects women. Moreover this study was conducted to provides a wide range of perspectives on social cultural, education and political phenomena highlighting the issues about feminism. Likewise, the aim of this study is to discuss the impact of these traditions on feminist scholarship and examine the possibility and desirability of work that makes links among the different aspects of life of a woman. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The emergence of feminist literary criticism is one of the major developments in literary studies in the past thirty years or so. This article attempts to give an overall view of feminist literary criticism, its discovery of early women novelists and feminist readings. Since feminist literary criticism has re-discovered the forgotten texts, from the 17th century onwards, written by women whose contribution to the emergence of the novel genre is undeniable, and included them in the critical evaluations, it is quite important to present them both in a historical and literary perspective. Thus the first part of this article is largely devoted to the literary achievements of these early women writers. The second part of the article mainly concentrates on the most recent phase of feminist criticism  by trying to offer a theoretical perspective so that the reader is provided with a broad view of its developments. It would, however, be an incomplete discussion of feminist literary perspectives if feminist readings were excluded from the argument. Therefore the third part of the article deals with feminist readings of texts, showing their crucial differences from the male readings. The major strategy in this part is to point to a comprehensive perspective by using the deconstructive critical approach. In fact, throughout this article the deconstructive approach plays an important role, not only in arguing how the dominant discourses are challenged and disrupted, but also in demonstrating that there can be no universal and privileged meanings and values in literary traditions. Instead, there are only multiple meanings. To exemplify this view, the article concludes with a deconstructive reading of a postmodern text. This study focused on the novel entitled ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte. In the century and a half since Jane Eyre was first published it has been cast as everything from a garden variety romance to a feminist tract. Jane Eyre is a tremendously romantic book, and Jane’s love story is absolutely central to the tale. In the best sense it is a book about survival, about a girl with nothing but her wits, her determination, her powerful sense of justice and honor, who survives and even finds happiness. The choice of stories is dependent upon the following points: 1. ) a novel that reflect aspects of feminism; 2. ) it was written by female writer; 3. ) it was written in English; 4. ) it has an interpretation of issues concerning feminist theory and approach. Definition of Terms To provide a clearer and better understanding of the present discussion, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally: Literature- written works with artistic value written works such as fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism that are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value. Feminism- belief in women’s rights: belief in the need to secure, or a commitment to securing, rights and opportunities for women equal to those of men. Racism- belief in racial superiority: the belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferior. Culture- people with shared beliefs and practices: a group of people whose shared beliefs and practices identify the particular place, class, or time to which they belong. Beliefs- acceptance of truth of something, acceptance by the mind that something is true or real, often underpinned by an emotional or spiritual sense of certainty. | | Misogynist-hatred of women, the hatred of women as sexually defined group. Sexism- sex discrimination, discrimination against women or men because of their sex. Classisism-discrimination because of class, discrimination or prejudice based on social or economic class. Perspective- particular evaluation of something, a particular evaluation of a situation or facts, especially from one person’s point of view. Holistic-relating to a whole, including or involving all of something, especially all, of somebody’s physical, mental, and social conditions, not just physical symptoms in the treatment of illness. Ideology- system of social beliefs, a closely organized system of beliefs, values and ideas forming the basis of a social,

Educational Outings

Educational Outings- L2B Leeds Tropical World This is a very popular Tropical Haven where you will find a range of exotic fish, reptiles and Birds from all around the world, all in various theamed room's to match their natural environment such as- The Butterfly Room- This room holds up to 40 different varieties of butterflies and it is also an ideal place for them to breed in a mature habitat.Step Ashore- This is the room which is based on a tropical island where many animals will be found in what appears to be there natural environment. The Amazon Tank- In this room there are many different species of tropical fish from all around the world. Desert House and Meerkats- This is the room where you are introduced to many different species of birds from places such as south America and the Canaries. Amazon South America tank- This room holds rare whistling ducks in its ponds creating an Amazonian environment.Creature Corner- This room involves many reptiles such as lizards, snakes and to rtoises and many other reptiles. What will children learn from tropical world? Tropical world will introduce a child to animal's in what appears to be their natural habitat, they will see a range of reptiles, birds, fish plants and gardens all in what apperas to be their home. This will help children learn activley and it will give them a better understanding of animal life.It will give them an oppourtunity to learn activley outside of the classroom, seeing smelling and hearing instead of reading out of a book. Tropical Room's- Birds eye view of tropical world Potential Hazards- Ponds/Swamps- People could slip or trip into the water causing a fatal injury, minor injury or worse. Rocks from walls- Rocks could fall off the wall and onto the walk way and cause someone to trip and injure themselves. Ropes on Bridges- People could fall onto the ropes and fall over them or get rope burn from them.Steps- People could Trip and fall over them. Risk Assessments for Hazards- Ponds/Swamps- Foll ow instructions and rules at all times to ensure safety to you and others, Stay within a safe distance of the water to be on the safe side. Rocks from walls- Be well aware of your surroundings and staff keep all rocks secure and safe. Ropes on Bridges- Stay aware and away from all ropes keep small children in sight at all times to avoid aany risks of an accident. Steps- Have signs marking where steps are such as ‘please mind the step' in order to keep people aware.Educational Outings- Temple Newsam Temple newsam is a freindly open space environment with miles and miles of greenary, ponds, streams and rivers. There is also Temple Newsam House a historic land mark, Court with shops and The very popular temple Newsam Farm where part of the landscape is covered with various farm animals and settings of what farm life was like back in the day, Also a newly built park for childrens entertainment. Birds eye view of Temple newsam farm and house What will Children Learn from temple new sam?Children will learn a large amount from of useful things from a day out at Temple Newsam, The farm will teach the children all about farm animals, the environment they live in, the food they eat and how farm life used to be. They will learn from a variety of historic farm setting's, the animals there pens and the descriptions situated around the farm. The historic house will walk the children back in time as they move from room to room and it will teach them all about how the past owners and their families lived in their time. Potential Hazards-Slipping on animal mess- If animal mess is lying around people could slep on it causing themseves harm. Falling into animals pen- If the fencing around the animals are too low then people could fall into the pen or children could climb in. Getting bitten by an animal- If people put their hands into the pens they could be bitten by one of the animals if they are not careful. Tripping over steps- In the house courtyard or farm people could trip over steps. Risk Assessments for Hazards- Slipping on Animal mess- Farm keeps should ensure that all animal mess is cleared from visitors walk ways as quick as possible.Falling into animals pen- Ensure that the fences of pens are a resonable height to prevent people from falling in or leave signs up warning of low fencing. Getting bitten by an animal- Leave signs warning people not to feed the animals if there is a danger of being bitten . Tripping over steps- Put clear signs up ‘mind your step' to be sure people will see it and hopefully avoid tripping. TEMPLE NEWSAM HOUSE TEMPLE NEWSAM FARM TEMPLE NEWSAM COURTYARD ONE OF MANY GARDENS TEMPLE NEWSAMS HISTORIC HOUSE AND ROOMSEducational Outings- Leeds museum Royal Armories Leeds museum of Royal Armories is memorabilia from different era's of past wars, showing members of the public Arms, Armours, Artillery and different military atire. This museum consists of 40AD Befor the Romans, 400AD Twilight of the Roman City, 1080AD Conquerors of Castle, 1200AD The Castle Enlarged, 1240AD The Classic Castle, 1300AD Apogee of the Medieval Castle, 1547AD The Tudor Power House, 1700AD Showplace of the nation, 1841AD The Great Conflagration, 1890AD Remedievalisation of the castle, 1940AD The castle at war, 2000AD the tower at war.These memories are kept safe to hold to teach future generations. Leeds Royal Armories Birds eye view BIRDS EYE VIEW OF ROYAL ARMORIES MAIN ENTRANCE What will children learn from here? From the Royal Armories children will learn all about past wars, how they worked, how they fought, what they fought with and how they dressed. They will be able to study them and increase their knowlegde of them. They will learn all about the Medieval times whilst working amoungst friends gaining social skills.Potential Hazards- Slippery floors- People Could slip over if there has been a spillage or the floors have just been cleaned/mopped. Car Parks- If people are not being aware whilst driving or walking t hrough the car park their could be an accident. Statues- Statues could be knocked over causing breakage or knocking into someone causing injury. Weapons- if the weapons are knocked over they could cause somebody harm or damage to other parts of the museum. Risk Assessments for Hazards-Slippery floors- Put up a wet floor sign after cleaning or a spillage until the floor is completly dry. Car Parks- Be aware of the cars in the car park and watch where your going at all times to prevent crashes or other accidents. Statues- Leave signs up ‘Do not touch' keep an eye on children at all times to prevent people from touching the statues. Weapons- Put signs up ‘Do not touch' and ensure that they are secure in the museum to prevent accidents.

Free Essays on Television Generation

Television Generation There is no doubt that the media had always had some influence on the public and the shared values of the American people. However, in the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the extent of that influence. In 1996 a study conducted by the National Institute on Media and the Family illustrated how new this powerful influence is. The survey states that in the 1970’s â€Å"less than 50 percent of parents believed that the mass media influenced the attitudes and values of their children.† (Plugged In and Tuned Out). Thirty years later that number has drastically changed. The National Institute on Media and the Family says that, â€Å"Today, an overwhelming majority of parents, some 88 percent, believe that mass media have a pervasive influence,† on their children. These statistics show that the media unquestionably has a lot of power in shaping our generation, which gives them an immense about of responsibility. In turn, our generation has be come a highly conscious community of young people concerned with unimportant beliefs and ideas. The cinema, magazines, and advertisements are all to blame for transferring these meaningless thoughts into our heads, hence the title â€Å"Television Generation.† There have been many changes in American culture and in the extent of the media’s influence over the public over the last thirty to forty years. The media’s influence has expanded as a result of the greater access people have to various media forms. In the 1950s only 10% of American homes owned a television set. By the 1960s almost 90% of homes had a television; this is quite a large increase. Today, over 99% of homes have a television and 54% of children in the United States have a television set in their bedrooms. It has also been reported that many American households have more televisions than telephones. (Baby Bag – Nielson Media Research). This shows that the children and adolesce... Free Essays on Television Generation Free Essays on Television Generation Television Generation There is no doubt that the media had always had some influence on the public and the shared values of the American people. However, in the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the extent of that influence. In 1996 a study conducted by the National Institute on Media and the Family illustrated how new this powerful influence is. The survey states that in the 1970’s â€Å"less than 50 percent of parents believed that the mass media influenced the attitudes and values of their children.† (Plugged In and Tuned Out). Thirty years later that number has drastically changed. The National Institute on Media and the Family says that, â€Å"Today, an overwhelming majority of parents, some 88 percent, believe that mass media have a pervasive influence,† on their children. These statistics show that the media unquestionably has a lot of power in shaping our generation, which gives them an immense about of responsibility. In turn, our generation has be come a highly conscious community of young people concerned with unimportant beliefs and ideas. The cinema, magazines, and advertisements are all to blame for transferring these meaningless thoughts into our heads, hence the title â€Å"Television Generation.† There have been many changes in American culture and in the extent of the media’s influence over the public over the last thirty to forty years. The media’s influence has expanded as a result of the greater access people have to various media forms. In the 1950s only 10% of American homes owned a television set. By the 1960s almost 90% of homes had a television; this is quite a large increase. Today, over 99% of homes have a television and 54% of children in the United States have a television set in their bedrooms. It has also been reported that many American households have more televisions than telephones. (Baby Bag – Nielson Media Research). This shows that the children and adolesce...

How to Write an Editorial Essay

How to Write an Editorial Essay Useful Tips to Write an Editorial Unlike typical research essays, editorial seems to be a more difficult assignment. It contains some pieces of journalistic work. A few authors can really boast such skills as well as the ability to share opinions that will find readers’ support. Writing editorial is not just describing some news. It is about delivering the topic your readers expect to get. Editorial is about sharing the opinion that may have high value in concerns of a chosen topic. Sounds pretty tough, right? Have no worries! Our list of useful editorial writing tips from Tutoriage will come in handy. Select a Worthy Topic The first step is always the most difficult one. When it comes to editorials, your mission is to choose the most newsworthy topic that will definitely hit the headlines. Not only should your story be newsworthy but also relevant to the audience that will read your paper. Avoid using out-of-date topics and choose ideas related to some recent events or actions. Keep an eye on the relevancy of the topic as the main aspect of your future paper. Identify all pieces of information you want to present. Whether it is going to be statistics, charts, survey results, etc.   Make sure your readers would be eager to get in touch with those pieces of information. Look Into the Topic You need to be a proven expert when it comes to describing the topic. Make sure you have learned each and every aspect of it. Try to identify all possible sides of the topic no matter if they are true or false. You can use those sides to promote your personal point of view as well as support arguments and evidence. Avoid choosing any side. Journalists are supposed to be somewhere between all of the sides although giving respect for the truth. Build the Opinion After you have explored the topic, you need to construct your own opinion. It should be based on all the information you managed to generate and gather. Make sure you have a clear understanding of the difference between valid and invalid opinion. It will let you choose better arguments that will look more persuasive for the reader. Construct an Outline Now you need a clear plan for your paper. The next stage is to design a proper outline featuring all aspects of your paper divided into paragraphs. Indicate paragraphs containing quotes, stats and other information that depicts the core issues of the topic. Develop a plan that has all necessary components structured in a logical outline with comprehensive coherences. Edit and Double-Check Avoid the slightest grammar and punctuation mistakes. Otherwise, your paper will be nothing but an epic fail. Ask friends and relatives to read your editorial. Detect and eliminate all possible content malfunctions and establish a proper writing style that refers specifically to this type of academic assignment. Now, let the world hear your story!

Classic Airlines Marketing Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Classic Airlines Marketing Solution - Essay Example The firm’s marketing plans are currently based on the Classic Rewards Program; however, the performance of this scheme has been significantly declined in 2005, compared to 2004; the relevant decrease has reached a percentage of 20% within just one year. The firm has set the return of its loyal customers, meaning especially the frequent fliers, as one of its priorities related to its marketing plans. Emphasis is also given to the enhancement of membership in the Classics Reward scheme; since last year, the membership in the above scheme has been reduced at least by 20%. Another priority of the firm’s marketing plans is the following one: the above plans should address customer needs and they cannot be aligned only with organizational culture, as until now. At this point, reference should be made to the following fact: the firm’s marketing plans have to be within a specific budget; in fact, for this year, the cost of these plans needs to be reduced by 15% so that t he firm’s targets in terms of its profitability are achieved. The development of effective marketing plans in Classic Airlines has been delayed due to a series of factors, related both to the firm’s internal and external environment. More specifically, internally the firm’s marketing department has to face the following pressures: a) the costs of the organization are still at a high level; the efforts made in the past for limiting these costs have not been particularly successful. As a result, the marketing department has been asked to keep its budget at low levels.... The firm has set the return of its loyal customers, meaning especially the frequent fliers, as one of its priorities related to its marketing plans. Emphasis is also given to the enhancement of membership in the Classics Reward scheme; since last year, the membership in the above scheme has been reduced at least by 20%. Another priority of the firm’s marketing plans is the following one: the above plans should address customer needs and they cannot be aligned only with organizational culture, as until now. At this point, reference should be made to the following fact: the firm’s marketing plans have to be within a specific budget; in fact, for this year, the cost of these plans needs to be reduced by 15% so that the firm’s targets in terms of its profitability are achieved. 2.2 Obstacles of the marketing department – internal and external pressures The development of effective marketing plans in Classic Airlines has been delayed due to a series of factors, related both to the firm’s internal and external environment. More specifically, internally the firm’s marketing department has to face the following pressures: a) the costs of the organization are still at high level; the efforts made in the past for limiting these costs have not been particularly successful. As a result, the marketing department has been asked to keep its budget at low levels, as possible, so that no turbulences are caused in the firm’s daily operations; in fact, the firm’s chief of marketing has been notified that a reduction of at least 15% should be made in regard all the firm’s marketing plans from now on; b) the views of the firm’s Chief Marketing officer in regard to the strategic priorities of the firm in terms of marketing seem to be opposed with the relevant

Hinduism and buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hinduism and buddhism - Essay Example Hinduism and Buddhism share some similarities, which include the following ; Both Hinduism and Buddhism stress the role of karma and the deceptive fauna of the world in maintaining men bound (Gellner 23) to this world and the progression of childbirths and fatalities (Gellner 45). Both of these religions consider and regard the concept of karma (Gellner 54), to be true and that it affects the daily live of the people causing the transmigration of souls and the sequence of childbirths and mortalities for each and every soul (Gellner 47). According to the greatly worshipped, Buddha, desire is regarded as the root foundation of anguish and deletion of desire outcomes in the interruption of anguish and misery (Gellner 120). Some of the oldest known Hindu manuscripts such as the Bhagavadgita and the Upanishads deliberate doing activities stimulated by aspiration and yearning as an attachment that would lead to oppression and distress and that execution of actions without craving the fruit of accomplishment would result in emancipation. Both of these religions emphasize on non-violence and compassion regarding all living beings whether it is wild or domestic animals or other human races. Both of them deem and believe in the presence of several heavens and hells or lower and higher worlds.

Respect in work place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Respect in work place - Essay Example Several employers are no longer kind to employees, they misbehave with their employees and some even resort to physical violence against them. This is a very serious issue which needs to be sorted out sooner rather than later. Respecting the employees will always motivate them and this would lead to their overall satisfaction and they will work with dedication. It is the right of an employee to be treated with dignity and respect; this is the most basic thing which every employee completely deserves. â€Å"What is respect in the workplace? Respect is kindness given to employees, co-workers, and/or bosses. Respect is also treating people the same, with dignity, and the same way you would want to be treated. Respect makes employees feel valued for what they do. Without respect, workers will feel as though they are as though they are not valued and unimportant. This can affect their self-esteem, self-worth, and cause lower production rates.† It is very important to respect everyone, overall job satisfaction can only be achieved when the employees feel wanted and they will feel wanted only when they are respected and treated really well. It hardly takes much to respect an individual; it comes effortlessly to some people while some others have to work really hard on it. At the end of the day everyone should be happy only then can an organization become successful. How to give Respect (2011). Respect in the Workplace. N.p Web.

Impact of Monetary Policy on Indian Industry

Impact of Monetary Policy on Indian Industry INTRODUCTION Monetary Policy is essentially a Monetary Policy is essentially a programme of action undertaken by the programme of action undertaken by the Monetary Authorities, generally the Monetary Authorities, generally the Central Bank, to control and regulate the Central Bank, to control and regulate the supply of money with the public and the supply of money with the public and the flow of credit with a view to achieving flow of credit with a view to achieving pre-determined macro-economic goals. At the time of inflation monetary policy seeks to contract aggregate spending by seeks to contract aggregate spending by tightening the money supply or raising tightening the money supply or raising the rate of return. OBJECTIVES To achieve price stability by controlling inflation and deflation. To promote and encourage economic growth in the economy. To ensure the economic stability at full employment or potential level of output. SCOPE OF MONETARY POLICY The scope of monetary policy depends on two factors: 1. Level of Monetization of the Economy In this all economic transactions are carried out In this all economic transactions are carried out with money as a medium of exchange. This is with money as a medium of exchange. This is done by changing the supply of and demands for done by changing the supply of and demand for money and the general price level. It is capable money and the general price level. It is capable of affecting all economics activities such as of affecting all economics activities such as Production, Consumption, Savings, Investment Production, Consumption, Savings, and Investment etc. 2. Level of Development of the Capital Market Some instruments of Monetary Policy are work through capital market such as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) etc. When capital market is fairly developed then the Monetary Policy effects the developed economies. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS The open market operations is sale and purchase of government securities and Treasury Bills by the central bank of the country. When the central bank decides to pump money into circulation, it buys back the government securities, bills and bonds. When it decides to reduce money in circulation it sells the government bonds and securities. The central bank carries out its open market operations through the commercial banks. DISCOUNT RATE OR BANK RATE POLICY Discount rate or bank rate is the rate at which central bank rediscounts the bills of exchange presented by the commercial bank. The central bank can change this rate increase or decrease depending on whether it wants to expand or reduce the flow of credit from the commercial bank. WORKING OF THE DISCOUNT RATE POLICY A rise in the discount rate reduces the net worth of the government bonds against which commercial banks borrow funds from the central bank. This reduces commercial banks to borrow from the central bank. When the central bank raises its discount rate, commercial banks raise their discount rate too. Rise in the discount rate raises the cost of bank credit which discourages business firms to get their bill of exchange discounted. CASH RATE RATIO The cash reserve ratio is the percentage of total deposits which commercial banks are required to maintain in the form of cash reserve with the central bank. The objective of cash reserve is to prevent shortage of cash for meeting the cash demand by the depositors. By changing the CRR, the central bank can change the money supply overnight. When economic conditions demand a contractionary monetary policy, the central bank raises the CRR. And when economic conditions demand monetary expansion, the central bank cuts down the CRR. STATUTORY LIQUIDITY REQUIREMENT In India, the RBI has imposed another reserve requirement in addition to CRR. It is called statutory liquidity requirement. The SLR is the proportion of the total deposits which commercial banks are statutorily required to maintain in the form of liquid assets in addition to cash reserve ratio. CREDIT RATIONING When there is a shortage of institutional credit available for the business sector, the large and financially strong sectors or industries tend to capture the lions share in the total institutional credit. As a result the priority sectors and essential are of necessary funds. Below two measures are generally adopted: Imposition of upper limits on the credit available to large industries and firms. Charging a higher or progressive interest rate on the bank loans beyond a certain limit. CHANGE IN LENDING MARGINS The banks provide loans only up to certain percentage of the value of the mortgaged property. The gap between the value of the mortgaged property and amount advanced is called Lending Margin. The central bank is empowered to increase the lending margin with a view to decrease the bank credit. MORAL SUASION The moral suasion is a method of persuading and convincing the commercial banks to advance credit in overall economic interest of the country. Under this method the central bank writes letter to hold meetings with the banks on money credit matters. EXPANSIONARY POLICY / CONTRACTIONARY POLICY An Expansionary Policy increases the total supply of money in the economy while a Contractionary Policy decreases the total money Supply into the market. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat a recession by lowering interests rates. Lowered interest rates means lower cost of credit which induces people to borrow and spend thereby providing steam to various industries and kick start a slowing economy. A Contractionary Policy results in increasing interest rates to combat inflation. An Economy growing in an uninhibited manner leads to inflation. Hence increasing interest rates increase the cost of credit thereby making people borrow less. Due to lesser borrowing the amount of money in the system reduces which in turn brings down the inflation. A Contractionary Policy is also known as TIGHT POLICY as it tightens the flow of money in order to contain Inflationary forces. INCREASE OR DECREASE THE LENDING RATES The RBI makes an adjustment in its lending rate (Repo Rates) in order to influence the cost of credit. Thereby discouraging borrowing and hence reduces brings reduction in the system. RBI BANK Flow of Money Leading to reduced liquidity By increasing interest rates Whenever the liquid in the system increases, the RBI intervenes to stabilize the system. The Central Bank does this by issuing fresh bonds and treasury bills in open market. This tool was extensively used at the time when dollar inflows into our economy were very high resulting in rupee appreciating. In order to stabilize the exchange rates, RBI first bought additional dollars thereby stabilizing the rate exchange. RBI Freshly issued Bonds/ T- Bill Open market Open market CRR By increasing the CRR, the RBI decreases the lending capacity of the bank to the extent of the increase in the ratio increase in the ratio. E.g. of the CRR is increased from 7.5% to 8.5% the banks were deprived of lending to the extent of 75 basis points of their deposit value. MONETARY POLICY OF INDIA OVERVIEW Historically, the Monetary Policy is announced twice a year April-September and (October-March). The Monetary Policy has become dynamic in nature as RBI reserves its right to alter it from time to time, depending on the state of the economy. The Monetary policy determines the supply of money in the economy and the rate of interest charged by banks. The policy also contains an economic overview and provides future forecasts. The Reserve Bank of India is responsible for formulating and implementing Monetary Policy. The Monetary Policy aims to maintain price stability, full employment and economic growth. Emphasis on these objectives have been changing time to time depending on prevailing circumstances. For explanation of monetary policy, the whole period has been divided into 4 sub periods: Monetary policy of controlled expansion (1951 to 1972)1972) Monetary Policy during Pre Reform period (1972 to 1991)to 1991) Monetary Policy in the Post-Reforms (1991 to 1996)1996) Easing of Monetary policy since Nov 1996 MONETARY POLICY OF INDIA Monetary policy of controlled expansion (1951 to 1972) To regulate the expansion of money supply and bank credit to promote growth. To restrict the excessive supply of credit to the private sector so as to control inflationary pressures. Following steps were taken: Changes in Bank Rate from 3% in 1951 to 6% in 1965 and it remained the same till 1971. Changes in SLR from 20% in 1956 to 28% in 1971 Select Credit Control: In order to reduce the credit or bank loans against essential commodities, margin was increased. As a result of the above changes, the supply of money increased from 3.4% (1951 to 1956) to 9.1 (1961 to 1965). Monetary Policy during Pre Reform period (1972 to 1991) Also known as the Tight Monetary policy: Price situation worsened during 1972 to 1974. Following Monetary Policy was adopted in 70s and 80s which were mainly concerned with the task neutralizing the impact of fiscal deficit and inflationary pressure. Changes in CRR to the legally maximum limit of 25% Changes in SLR also to the maximum limit to 38.5% Monetary Policy in the Post-Reforms 1991 to 1996 The year 1991-1992 saw a fundamental change in the institutional framework in setting the objective of monetary policy. It had twin objectives which were Price stability and economic growth. Following instruments were used: Continuing the same maximum CRR and SLR of 25% and 38.5%, mopped up bank deposits to the extent of 63.5%. In order to ensure profitability of banks, Monetary Reforms Committee headed by late Prof. S Chakravarty, Reforms Committee headed by late Prof. S Chakravarty, recommended raising of interest rate on Government recommended raising of interest rate on Government Securities which activated Open Market Operations (OMO). Bank rate was raised from 10% in Apr 1991 to 12% in Oct 1991 to control the inflationary pressures. Easing of Monetary policy since Nov 1996 In 1996-97, the rate of inflation sharply declined. In the later half 1996-97, industrial recession ripped the Indian economy. To encourage the economic growth and to tackle the recessionary trend, the RBI growth and to tackle the recessionary trend, the RBI eased its monetary policy. Introduction of Repo rate- Repo rate increased from 3% in 1998 to 6.5% in 2005. This instrument was 3% in 1998 to 6.5% in 2005. This instrument was consistently used in the monitory policy as a result of rapid industrial growth during 2005-06. In the current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from 5.00% to 4.75%. Reverse Repo rate Through RRR, the RBI mops up liquidity from the banking system. In the current monetary policy, the Repo rate was cut from 3.50% to 3.25%. Flow of credit to Agriculture The flow of credit to agriculture has increased from 34,013 (9.2% of overall credit) in 2009 (Rs. in crore). Reduction in Cash Reserve Ratio The CRR which was at 15% until 1995 gradually reduced to 5% in 2005. The CRR remained unchanged in the current monetary policy. Lowering Bank rate The Bank rate was gradually reduced from 12% in 1997 to 6% in 2003. Since then the Bank Rate from 12% in 1997 to 6% in 2003. Since then the Bank Rate has remained unchanged to 6%. Review of 2009/10 Monetary policy The Policy Review projects GDP growth at 6% this FY due to slackening private consumption and investment demand. The RBI set its inflation projection for March 10 at 4% (currently at -1.21%). The RBI also projects the CPI to come down into the single digit zone. Assurance of a non-disruptive borrowing in 2009-10. Recently, the Government increased the borrowing plan from Rs. 2.41 lakh crore to 2.99 Lakh crore because of ample liquidity in the market due to slow credit growth. The fiscal stimulus packages of the Government and monetary easing and regulatory action of the Reserve Bank have helped to arrest the moderation in growth and keep our financial markets functioning normally. RBIs Indicative Projections 2009-2010 (Actual Numbers) 2010-2011 (April 2010 policy targets) GDP 7.2 8 (with an upward bias) Inflation (Based on WPI for March end) 9.9 5.5 Money Supply (March end) 17.3 17 Credit (March end) 17 20 Deposit (March end) 17.1 18 GROWTH RBIs revised growth rate is 8% with an upward bias as the indian economy is on recovery path. Growth in industrial sector and service sector are expected to continue. The export and import sector has also registered a strong growth. INFLATION Inflation is projected to be at 5.5% for FY 2010-11. As per RBI inflation is no longer driven by supply side factors alone. Overall demand pressures on inflation are also beginning to show signs, pushing RBI to increase rates even before the official policy of 2010. MONETARY MEASURES The Bank rate has been retained at 6 %. The repo rate is now 5.25% which has 5% in 2009-2010. The reverse repo has increased from 3.5% to 3.75%. The cash reserve ratio of scheduled bank has increased from 5.75% to 6%. The expected outcomes of the actions are: Inflation will be contained and inflationary expectations will be anchored. The recovery process will be sustained. Government borrowing requirements and the private credit demand will be met. Policy instruments will be further aligned in a manner consistent with the evolving state of the economy. IMPACT OF THE OUTCOMES Growth with stability The average growth rate of the Indian economy over a period of 25 years since 1980-81 has been impressive at about 6.0 per cent, which is a significant improvement over the previous three decades, when the annual growth rate was only 3.5 per cent. Over the last four years during 2003-07, the Indian economy has entered a high growth phase, averaging 8.6 per cent per annum. The acceleration of growth during this period has been accompanied by a moderation in volatility, especially in industry and services sectors. An important characteristic of the high growth phase of over a quarter of century is resilience to shocks and considerable degree of stability. We did witness one serious balance of payments crisis triggered largely by the Gulf war in the early 1990s. Credible macroeconomic, structural and stabilization programme was undertaken in the wake of the crisis. The Indian economy in later years could successfully avoid any adverse contagion impact of shocks from the East Asian crisis, the Russian crisis during 1997-98, sanction like situation in post-Pokhran scenario, and border conflict during May-June 1999. Seen in this context, this robust macroeconomic performance, in the face of recent oil as well as food price shocks, demonstrates the vibrancy and resilience of the Indian economy. The Reserve Bank projects a real GDP growth at around 8.5 per cent during 2007-08, barring domestic and external shocks. Poverty and unemployment The sustained economic growth since the early 1990s has also been associated with noticeable reduction in poverty. The proportion of people living below the poverty line (based on uniform recall period) declined from 36 per cent in 1993-94 to 27.8 per cent in 2004-05. There is also some evidence of pick-up in employment growth from 1.57 per cent per annum (1993-94 to 1999-2000) to 2.48 per cent (1999-2000 to 2004-05). Consumption and investment demand Indias growth in recent years has been mainly driven by domestic consumption, contributing on an average to almost two-thirds of the overall demand, while investment and export demand are also accelerating. Almost one-half of the incremental growth in real GDP during 2006-07 was on account of final consumption demand, while around 42 per cent was on account of the rise in real gross fixed capital formation. The investment boom has come from the creation of fixed assets and this phenomenon has been most pronounced in the private corporate sector, although fixed investment in the public sector also picked up in this period. According to an estimate by the Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Council, the investment rate (provisional) crossed 35 per cent in 2006-07 from 33.8 per cent in 2005-06. A reasonable degree of price stability High growth in the last four years has been accompanied by a moderation of inflation. The headline inflation rate, in terms of the wholesale price index, has declined from an average of 11.0 per cent during 1990-95 to 5.3 per cent during 1995-2000 and to 4.9 per cent during 2003-07. The trending down of inflation has been associated with a significant reduction in inflation volatility which is indicative of well-anchored inflation expectations, despite the shocks of varied nature. Although, inflation based on the wholesale price index (WPI) initially rose to above 6.0 per cent in early April 2007 it eased to 3.79 per cent by August 25, 2007. Pre-emptive monetary measures since mid-2004, accompanied by fiscal and supply-side measures, have helped in containing inflation in India. The policy preference for the period ahead is strongly in favour of price stability and well-anchored inflation expectations with the endeavour being to contain inflation close to 5.0 per cent in 2007-08 and in the range of 4.0-4.5 per cent over the medium-term. Monetary policy in India would continue to be vigilant and pro-active in the context of any accentuation of global uncertainties that pose threats to growth and stability in the domestic economy. Improved fiscal performance Yet another positive outcome of developments in recent years is the marked improvement in the health of Government finances. The fiscal management in the country has significantly improved consistent with targeted reduction in fiscal deficit indicators after the adoption of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 by the Central Government. The finances of the State Governments have also exhibited significant improvement since 2003-04 guided by the Fiscal Responsibility Legislations (FRLs). With gross fiscal deficit of the Central Government budgeted at 3.3 per cent of GDP in 2007-08, the FRBM target of 3.0 per cent by 2008-09 appears feasible. The revenue deficit is budgeted at 1.5 per cent of GDP for 2007-08; the FRBM path envisages elimination of revenue deficit in 2008-09. External sector Indias linkages with the global economy are getting stronger, underpinned by the growing openness of the economy and the two way movement in financial flows. Merchandise exports have been growing at an average rate of around 25 per cent during the last four years, with a steady increase in global market share, reflecting the competitiveness of the Indian industry. Structural shifts in services exports, led by software and other business services, and remittances have imparted stability and strength to Indias balance of payments. The net invisible surplus has offset a significant part of the expanding trade deficit and helped to contain the current account deficit to an average of one per cent of GDP since the early 1990s. Gross current receipts (merchandise exports and invisible receipts) and gross current payments (merchandise imports and invisible payments) taken together, at present, constitute more than one half of GDP, highlighting the significant degree of integration of the In dian economy with the global economy. Greater integration into the global economy has enabled the Indian corporates to access high-quality imports from abroad and also to expand their overseas assets, dynamically. The liberalised external payments regime is facilitating the process of acquisition of foreign companies by Indian corporates, both in the manufacturing and services sectors, with the objectives of reaping economies of scale and capturing offshore markets to better face the global competition. Notwithstanding higher outflows, there has been a significant increase in capital inflows (net) to almost five per cent of GDP in 2006-07 from an average of two per cent of GDP during 2000-01 to 2002-03. Capital inflows (net) have remained substantially above the current account deficit and have implications for the conduct of monetary policy and macroeconomic and financial stability. With the significant strengthening of the current and capital accounts, the foreign exchange reserves have more than doubled from US$ 76 billion at the end of March 2003 to US $ 228.8 billion as on August 31, 2007. Financial stability The Indian record on financial stability is noteworthy as the decade of the 1990s has been otherwise turbulent for the financial sector in many EMEs. The approach towards the financial sector in India has been to consistently upgrade it by adapting the international best practices through a consultative process. The Reserve Bank has endeavoured to establish an enabling regulatory framework with prompt and effective supervision, and development of legal, technological and institutional infrastructure. The regulatory norms with respect to capital adequacy, income recognition, asset classification and provisioning have progressively moved towards convergence with the international best practices. The Basel II capital adequacy framework is being implemented in a phased manner with effect from March 2008. We have observed that the Indian banks balance sheets have strengthened considerably, financial markets have deepened and widened and, with the introduction of the real time gross settlements (RTGS) system, the payment system has also become robust. Currently, all scheduled commercial banks are compliant with the minimum capital adequacy ratio (CRAR) of 9 per cent. The overall CRAR for all scheduled commercial banks stood at 12.4 per cent at end-March 2006. The gross non-performing assets of scheduled commercial banks has declined from 8.8 per cent of advances at end March 2003 to 3.3 per cent at end March 2006, while the net non-performing assets have declined from 4.0 per cent to 1.2 per cent during the same period. Financial markets Development of financial markets received a strong impetus from financial sector reforms since the early 1990s. The Reserve Bank has been engaged in developing, widening and deepening of money, government securities and foreign exchange markets combined with a robust payments and settlement system. A wide range of regulatory and institutional reforms were introduced in a planned manner over a period to improve the efficiency of these financial markets. These included development of market micro structure, removal of structural bottlenecks, introduction/ diversification of new players/instruments, free pricing of financial assets, relaxation of quantitative restrictions, better regulatory systems, introduction of new technology, improvement in trading infrastructure, clearing and settlement practices and greater transparency. Prudential norms were introduced early in the reform phase, followed by interest rate deregulation. These policies were supplemented by strengthening of institut ions, encouraging good market practices, rationalised tax structures and enabling legislative and accounting framework. A review of monetary policy challenges The conduct of monetary policy has become more challenging in recent years for a variety of reasons. Many of the challenges the central banks are facing are almost similar which could be summarized as follows: Challenges with globalisation First, globalisation has brought in its train considerable fuzziness in reading underlying macroeconomic and financial developments, obscuring signals from financial prices and clouding the monetary authoritys gauge of the performance of the real economy. The growing importance of assets and asset prices in a globally integrated economy complicates the conduct of monetary policy when it is focused on and equipped to address price stability issues. Second, with the growing integration of financial markets domestically and internationally, there is greater activism in liquidity management with a special focus on the short-end of the market spectrum. There is also a greater sophistication in the conduct of monetary policy and central banks are consistently engaged in refining their technical and managerial skills to deal with the complexities of financial markets. As liquidity management acquires overriding importance, the evolving solvency conditions of financial intermediaries may, on occasions, get obscured in the short run. No doubt, with increasing globalization, there is greater coordination between central banks, fiscal authorities and regulatory bodies governing financial markets. Third, there is considerable difficulty faced by monetary authorities across the world in detecting and measuring inflation, especially inflation expectations. Recent experience in regard to impact of increases in oil prices, and more recently elevated food prices shows that ignoring the structural or permanent elements of what is traditionally treated as shocks may slow down appropriate monetary policy response especially if the focus is on core inflation. Accounting for house rents/prices in inflation measurement has also gained attention in some countries. The central banks are often concerned with the stability/variability of inflation rather than the level of prices. Inflation processes have become highly unclear and central banks are faced with the need to recognise the importance of inflation perceptions and inflation expectations, as distinct from inflation indicators. In this context, credible communication and creative engagement with the market and economic agents have eme rged as a critical channel of monetary transmission. Challenges for emerging market economies It is essential to recognize that the international financial markets have differing ways of judging macroeconomic developments in industrial and emerging market economies. Hence, the challenges and policy responses do differ. First, the EMEs are facing the dilemma of grappling with the inherently volatile increasing capital flows relative to domestic absorptive capacity. Consequently, often the impossible trinity of fixed or managed exchange rates, open capital accounts and discretion in monetary policy has to be managed in what could be termed as fuzzy manner rather than satisfactorily resolved a problem that gets exacerbated due to huge uncertainties in global financial markets and possible consequences in the real sector. Second, in the emerging scenario of large and uncertain capital flows, the choice of the instruments for sterilization and other policy responses have been constrained by a number of factors such as the openness of the economy, the depth of the domestic bond market, the health of the financial sector, the health of the public finances, the countrys inflationary track record and the perception about the credibility and consistency in macroeconomic policies pursued by the country. Further deepening of financial markets may help in absorption of large capital inflows in the medium term, but it may not give immediate succour at the current stage of financial sector development in many EMEs, particularly when speed and magnitude of flows are very high. Some of the EMEs are also subject to adverse current account shocks in view of elevated commodity prices. Going forward, global uncertainties in financial markets are likely to dominate the concerns of all monetary authorities, but, for the EMEs, the consequences of such macro or financial disturbances could be more serious. Third, the banking sector has been strengthened and non-banking intermediation expanded providing both stability and efficiency to the financial sector in many EMEs. Yet, sometimes, aligning the operations of large financial conglomerates and foreign institutions with local public policy priorities remains a challenge for domestic financial regulators in many EMEs. Further, reaping full benefits of competition in financial sector is somewhat limited in many EMEs. Large players in developed economies compete with each other intensely, while it is possible that a few of them dominate in each of the EMEs financial markets. A few of the financial intermediaries could thus wield dominant position in the financial markets of these countries, increasing the concentration risk. While it is extremely difficult to envision how the current disturbances in financial markets will resolve, the focus of many EMEs will be on considering various scenarios and being in readiness with appropriate policy strategies and contingency plans. Among the factors that are carefully monitored, currency markets, liquidity conditions, globally dominant financial intermediaries, impact on real sector through credit channel and asset prices are significant, but the list is certainly not exhaustive. Monetary policy framework in India Objectives The basic objectives of monetary policy, namely price stability and ensuring credit flow to support growth, have remained unchanged in India, but the underlying operating framework for monetary policy has undergone a significant transformation during the past two decades. The relative emphasis placed on price stability and economic growth is modulated according to the circumstances prevailing at a particular point in time and is clearly spelt out, from time to time, in the policy statements of the Reserve Bank. Of late, considerations of macroeconomic and financial stability have assumed an added importance in view of increasing openness of the Indian economy. Framework In India, the broad money (M3) emerged as the nominal anchor from the mid-1980s based on the premise of a stable relationship between money, output and prices. In the late 1990s, in view of ongoing financial openness and increasing evidence of changes in underlying transmission mechanism with interest rates and exchange rates gaining in importance vis-Ã  -vis quantity variables, it was felt that monetary policy exclusively based on the demand function for money could lack precision. The Reserve Bank, therefore, formally adopted a multiple indicator approach in April 1998 where